Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Utilization of Sunflower Stalk in Manufacture of Thermoplastic Composite

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Dimensional stability and mechanical performance of polypropylene thermoplastic composites filled with sunflower stalk (SS) flour at 30, 40, 50, and 60 wt% contents of the SS flour were investigated. The thickness swelling and water absorption of the specimens increased with increasing SS flour content. The modulus in the flexural and tensile improved with increasing SS flour content while the tensile and flexural strengths of the specimens decreased. The use of maleic anhydride polypropylene (3 wt%) had a positive effect on the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of the polypropylene thermoplastic composites filled with SS flour. The melting temperature of polypropylene decreased with increasing content of the SS flour. The degree of crystallinity of filled polypropylene composites between fibre loading of 0–30 % by weight was higher than that of unfilled polypropylene composites. However, further increment in the filler content decreased the degree of crystallinity. The obtained results showed that SS flour could be potentially suitable raw material in the manufacture of polypropylene composites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ashori A (2008) Bioresour Technol 99:4661–4667

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Akovali G, Bernardo CA, Leidner J, Utracki LA, Xanthos M (1998) Frontiers in the science and technology of polymer recycling. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

  3. Caufield DF, Jacobson RE, Sears KD, Underwood J (2001) In: 2nd International conference on advanced engineered wood composites Bethel, Methel

  4. Gungoren T, Selvi D, Sert M, Yildirir E, Kurt S, Saglam M, Yuksel M, Ballice L, Yanik J (2008) Biogastech workshop, Tubitak Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Turkey, 9–11 April 2008

  5. Denchev Z, Oliveira MJ, Carneiro OS (2004) J Macromol Sci, Phys 1:143–162

    Google Scholar 

  6. Denchev ZZ, Dencheva NV (2008) Polym Int 57:11–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Evstatiev M, Fakirov S (1992) Polymer 3:877–880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Evstatiev M, Fakirov S, Krasteva B, Friedrich K, Covas JA, Cunha AM (2002) Polym Eng Sci 42:826–835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lei Y, Wu Q (2010) Bioresour Technol 101:3665–3671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. George J, Sreekala MS, Thomas S (2001) Polym Eng Sci 41:1471–1485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nabi Saheb N, Jog JP (1999) Adv Polym Technol 18:351–363

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ashori A, Sheshmani S (2010) Bioresour Technol 101:4717–4729

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Niska KO, Sain M (2008) Wood-polymer composites. Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton

  14. Lulianelli G, Tavares MB, Luetkmeyer B (2010) Chem Chem Technol 4:225–229

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gassan J, Bledzki AK (1997) Composites A 28:993–1000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mwaikambo LY, Ansell MP (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 84:2222–2234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Joseph K, Pavithran C, Thomas S (1996) Eur Polym J 32:1243–1250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sain MM, Kokta BV (1993) J Adv Polym Technol 12:167–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sain M, Li H (2003) Polym Plast Technol Eng 42:853–862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Prasad BM, Sain MM (2003) Mater Res Innov 7:231–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Vande Velde K, Keikens P (2001) Polym Test 20:885–893

    Google Scholar 

  22. Backiel A (1995) Proc Wood fibre-plastic composites. Madison, WI

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ayrilmis N, Benthien JT, Thoemen H (2012) Compos Part B Eng 43:325–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ilisulu K (1973) Oil plants and improves. Caglayan Publishers, Istanbul

  25. Bektas I, Guler C, Kalaycioglu H, Mengeloglu F, Nacar M (2005) J Compos Mater 39:467–473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Vaithanomsat P, Chuichulcherm S, Apiwatanapiwat W (2009) World Acad Sci Eng Technol 49:140–143

    Google Scholar 

  27. Karaman S, Sahin S, Gunal H, Orung I, Ersahin S (2006) J Appl Sci 6:1322–1326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gertjejansen RO (1977) Minn AES Tech Bull 311:24–29

    Google Scholar 

  29. Zavertnik J (1914) The utilization of sunflower stalks in paper manufacture. Thesis (B.S.), Chemical Engineering, Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL

  30. Annual Book of ASTM Standards (2008) Practice for conditioning plastics for testing, American Society Testing Materials, ASTM D 618–08. American Society Testing Materials, Conshohocken

    Google Scholar 

  31. Annual Book of ASTM Standards (2005) Standard test method for water absorption of plastics ASTM D 570—05. American Society Testing Materials, Conshohocken

  32. Annual Book of ASTM Standards (2003) Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. ASTM D 790-03, Conshohocken

  33. Annual Book of ASTM Standards (2003) Standard test methods for tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. ASTM D 638-03, Conshohocken

  34. Annual Book of ASTM Standards (2008). Standard test method for transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry. ASTM D3418- 08b, West Conshohocken

  35. Tabari ZH, Nourbakhsh A, Ashori A (2011) Polym Eng Sci 51:272–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ashori A, Nourbakhsh A (2011) Euro J Wood Wood Prods 69:663–666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ayrilmis N, Buyuksari U, Dundar T (2010) J Appl Polym Sci 117:2324–2330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Adhikary KB (2008) Development of wood flour recycled polymer composite panels as building materials. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

  39. Soucy J (2007) Potential utilization of paper fibers in wood polymer composites using extrusion technology. Master’s Thesis, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi

  40. Steckel V, Clemons CM, Thoemen HJ (2006) Appl Polym Sci 103:752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ozdemir T, Mengeloglu F (2008) Int J Mol Sci 9(12):2559

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lu JZ, Wu Q, Neguluscu I (2005) Appl Polym Sci 96(1):93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ashori A, Nourbakhsh A (2009) Appl Poly Sci 111:2616

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Netravali AN, Henstenburg RB, Phoenix SL, Schwartz P (1989) Polym Compos 10:226–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Narkis M, Chen EJH (1988) Polym Compos 9(4):245–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Annual Book of ASTM Standards (2003) Standard specification for polyolefin-based plastic lumber decking boards, ASTM D 6662. American Society Testing Materials, Conshohocken

  47. Mengeloglu F, Karakus K (2008) Sensors 8:500–519

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ayrilmis N (2012) Compos Part B Eng 44:745–749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Sharan A (2002) Strength characteristics of fibre reinforced compacted pond ash. Master’s Thesis, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India

  50. Clemons CM (2002) Forest Prod J 52(6):10–18

    Google Scholar 

  51. Soleimani M, Tabil L, Panigrahi S, Opoku A (2008) Polym Environ 16:74–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Girones J, Pardini G, Vilaseca F, Pelach MA, Mutje PJ (2010) Polym Environ 18:407–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Panigrahy BS, Rana A, Chang P, Panigrahi S (2006) Can Biosyst Eng 06(165):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kong QY, Hu HL, Chen Z, Fan W (2005) J Mater Sci 40:4505–4509

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Wood Mechanics and Technology, Forestry Faculty, Kastamonu University, 37000, Kastamonu, Turkey

    Alperen Kaymakci

  2. Department of Wood Mechanics and Technology, Forestry Faculty, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Sariyer, 34473, Istanbul, Turkey

    Nadir Ayrilmis

  3. Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Forestry Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46100, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

    Ferhat Ozdemir

  4. Department of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Forestry Faculty, Artvin Coruh University, 08000, Artvin, Turkey

    Turker Gulec

Authors
  1. Alperen Kaymakci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nadir Ayrilmis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ferhat Ozdemir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Turker Gulec
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nadir Ayrilmis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kaymakci, A., Ayrilmis, N., Ozdemir, F. et al. Utilization of Sunflower Stalk in Manufacture of Thermoplastic Composite. J Polym Environ 21, 1135–1142 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0564-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0564-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation