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Synthesis, Attributes and Defect Control of Defect-Engineered Materials as Superior Adsorbents for Aqueous Species: A Review

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Abstract

Defect engineering of pristine materials which already possess native adsorption capacity for aqueous organic and inorganic chemical species is a novel and exciting new area of adsorption science research. However, the current literature on this specific topic in the context of sequestering aqueous chemical species is limited. In this review, we first provide concise descriptions and discussions of progress achieved in the laboratory-scale design and examination of defect-induced adsorptive properties for novel defect-engineered adsorbents. The review then contains an opinion section (Research perspectives) of what is missing from the area's literature. From the limited reports available in the literature, prima facie, we infer that defect engineering can be performed through different physicochemical methods of variable complexity. These methods create specific chemical changes in the defect-engineered materials which lead to substantially enhanced adsorptive capabilities for different adsorbates. Finally, we highlight a series of challenges limiting the current application of these novel adsorbents in real-world water treatment systems. These challenges demand substantial research and development efforts in this decade and onwards. The results can assist in devising strategies for an integration of defect-engineered adsorbents into water purification systems.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reproduced with permission from Pu et al. [36], Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V (Color figure online)

Fig. 3

Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. Image B is reproduced with permission from Xiang et al. [51], Copyright 2020, Elsevier Ltd. Image C is reproduced with permission from Kim et al. [46], Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V. Image D is reproduced with permission from Cho et al. [52], Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. Image E is reproduced with permission from Wang et al. [53], Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. The red dotted circles were added to the reproduced images to locate the missing-linker defects (Color figure online)

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Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society. Image d is reprinted with permission from Guan et al. [62], Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society (Color figure online)

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Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V (Color figure online)

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Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V (Color figure online)

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reproduced with permission from Chang et al. [94], Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V (Color figure online)

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Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society (Color figure online)

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Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V (Color figure online)

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Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society (Color figure online)

Fig. 15

Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society (Color figure online)

Fig. 16

Reproduced with permission from Pan et al. [60], Copyright 2020, Elsevier Ltd (Color figure online)

Fig. 17

reproduced with permission from Han et al. [61], Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V (Color figure online)

Fig. 18

reproduced with permission from Zhu et al. [64], Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Note: Zhu et al. [64] is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence (Color figure online)

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Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V (Color figure online)

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Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society (Color figure online)

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Acknowledgements

Author A.M. thanks (i) Dr Tao Zeng (College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China) for responding to a few queries related to Shen et al. [54] and (ii) Dr Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare (Damghan University, Damghan, Iran) for providing the full version of Fang et al. [98]. The contents of this review were crosschecked for similarity in the Turnitin software.

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  1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius

    Ackmez Mudhoo

  2. Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA

    Charles U. Pittman Jr.

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AM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing, Revision CUPJr.: Writing—original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing, Revision. The final manuscript was proofread and agreed upon by both authors.

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Mudhoo, A., Pittman, C.U. Synthesis, Attributes and Defect Control of Defect-Engineered Materials as Superior Adsorbents for Aqueous Species: A Review. J Inorg Organomet Polym 32, 4133–4159 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02405-x

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