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A Study of Small Molecule-Based Rhodamine-Derived Chemosensors and their Implications in Environmental and Biological Systems from 2012 to 2021: Latest Advancement and Future Prospects

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Abstract

Rhodamine-based chemosensors have sparked considerable interest in recent years due to their remarkable photophysical properties, which include high absorption coefficients, exceptional quantum yields, improved photostability, and significant red shifts. This article presents an overview of the diverse fluorometric, and colorimetric sensors produced from rhodamine, as well as their applications in a wide range of fields. The ability of rhodamine-based chemosensors to detect a wide range of metal ions, including Hg+2, Al3+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Cd2+, Sn4+, Zn2+, and Pb2+, is one of their major advantages. Other applications of these sensors include dual analytes, multianalytes, and relay recognition of dual analytes. Rhodamine-based probes can also detect noble metal ions such as Au3+, Ag+, and Pt2+. They have been used to detect pH, biological species, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, anions, and nerve agents in addition to metal ions. The probes have been engineered to undergo colorimetric or fluorometric changes upon binding to specific analytes, rendering them highly selective and sensitive by ring-opening via different mechanisms such as Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET), Chelation Enhanced Fluorescence (CHEF), Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT), and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). For improved sensing performance, light-harvesting dendritic systems based on rhodamine conjugates has also been explored for enhanced sensing performance. These dendritic arrangements permit the incorporation of numerous rhodamine units, resulting in an improvement in signal amplification and sensitivity. The probes have been utilised extensively for imaging biological samples, including imaging of living cells, and for environmental research. Moreover, they have been combined into logic gates for the construction of molecular computing systems. The usage of rhodamine-based chemosensors has created significant potential in a range of disciplines, including biological and environmental sensing as well as logic gate applications. This study focuses on the work published between 2012 and 2021 and emphasises the enormous research and development potential of these probes.

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Data Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

AAS:

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

ADP:

Adenosine Diphosphate

AFM:

Atomic Force Microscopy

AMP:

Adenosine Monophosphate

BR:

Britton-Robinson

CHEF:

Chelation Induced Enhanced Fluorescence

Cys:

Cysteine

DCP:

Diethyl chlorophosphate

EDTA:

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

ESI-MS:

Electron spray ionisation Mass Spectrometry

FRET:

Forster Resonance Energy Transfer

GSH:

Glutathione

Hcy:

Homocysteine

HEPES:

(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)

ICP-AES:

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

ICP-MS:

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

ICT:

Intramolecular Charge Transfer

IR:

Infra-red

KCN:

Potassium cyanide

LOD:

Limit of Detection

NMR:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

NIR:

Near Infra-red

PET:

Photoinduced Electron Transfer

TD-DFT:

Time-dependent Density Functional Theory

TBACN:

Tetrabutyl ammonium cyanide

TBAI:

Tetrabutyl ammonium iodide

TFA:

Trifluoroacetic acid

UV/Vis:

Ultraviolet- Visible

PTA:

Phosphotungstic acid

PAMAM:

-Polyamidoamines

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Acknowledgements

Financial assistance provided by Council of Industrial and Scientific Research – HRDG, in the form of Junior Research Fellowship is greatly acknowledged by one of the authors (R. Lalitha).

Funding

The authors Raguraman Lalitha acknowledges the CSIR-HRDG (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-India) Fellowship scheme for financial support and authors acknowledge the director of National Institute of Technology-Trichy for providing research infrastructure.

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  1. Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, India

    Raguraman Lalitha & Sivan Velmathi

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Lalitha, R., Velmathi, S. A Study of Small Molecule-Based Rhodamine-Derived Chemosensors and their Implications in Environmental and Biological Systems from 2012 to 2021: Latest Advancement and Future Prospects. J Fluoresc 34, 15–118 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-023-03231-1

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