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Three-dimensional nonwoven scaffolds from a novel biodegradable poly(ester amide) for tissue engineering applications

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Abstract

Biodegradable polyesters are established biomaterials in medicine due to their chemical characteristics and options for material processing. A main problem, however, is the release of acid degradation products during biodegradation with severe local pH-drops and inflammatory reactions. Polyesteramides, in contrast, show a less prominent pH-drop during degradation. In this study, we developed a simple, reproducible synthesis of the poly(ester amide) (PEA) type C starting from ε-caprolactame, 1,4-butanediol, and adipic acid in a one-batch two-step reaction and conducted the manufacturing of PEA-derived 3D textile scaffolds applicable for tissue engineering purposes. The thermal and mechanical properties of PEA-type C were analysed and the structural conformity of different batches was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. The polymer was formed into nonwovens by textile manufacturing. Cytotoxicity tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the effect of scaffold extraction before cell seeding. The manufactured carriers were seeded with human preadipocytes and examined for cellular proliferation and differentiation. The production of PEA type C successfully occurred via simultaneous ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactame and polycondensation with 1,4-butanediol and adipic acid at 250 °C under high-vacuum. Soxhlet extraction allowed optimal cleaning of nonwoven scaffolds. Extracted PEA-derived matrices were capable of allowing good adherence, proliferation, and differentiation of preadipocytes. These results are encouraging and guidance towards an optimally prepared nonwoven carrier applicable for clinical use.

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Acknowledgements

This research work is part of a project funded by the “HOLSTE-Stiftung” of the RWTH Aachen University. Additionally, the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour (BMWA = Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit) and its partner organisation the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations “Otto von Guericke” (Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen “Otto von Guericke” e.V.) are gratefully thanked for financial support of the research project (AiF-No. 107 ZN/1). The authors are also grateful to the DECHEMA (Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology) for cooperation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery – Burn Centre, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany

    Karsten Hemmrich, Melanie Meersch & Norbert Pallua

  2. Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Jochen Salber & Doris Klee

  3. Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut (DWI), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 8, 52056, Aachen, Germany

    Jochen Salber & Doris Klee

  4. Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstraße 18, 52062, Aachen, Germany

    Ute Wiesemann & Thomas Gries

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  1. Karsten Hemmrich
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  2. Jochen Salber
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  3. Melanie Meersch
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  4. Ute Wiesemann
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  5. Thomas Gries
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  6. Norbert Pallua
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  7. Doris Klee
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Correspondence to Karsten Hemmrich.

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K. Hemmrich and J. Salber have contributed equally.

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Hemmrich, K., Salber, J., Meersch, M. et al. Three-dimensional nonwoven scaffolds from a novel biodegradable poly(ester amide) for tissue engineering applications. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 19, 257–267 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0048-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0048-3

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