Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Controlling the optical characteristics of CdSx thin film by changing the stoichiometric ratio (x)

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

CdSx thin films (x = 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2) were prepared by the sol–gel spin coating method. The grazing incidence diffraction and Raman spectroscopy techniques were applied to explore the phases formed and microstructure of the produced thin films. The chemical composition of the formed thin films was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Raman spectra revealed the presence of minor CdO phase in films with x = 0.4 and 0.2. Optical parameters could be modified by changing the ratio (x). The influence of sulfur deficiency on the optical properties was explored using photoluminescence and UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer techniques. Relative to CdS film, the reflectivity and the refractive index of S-deficient films, except for x = 0.8, decreased in the range 300–400 nm, after that increased a little in 400–530 nm, then increased in 530–1400 nm. The optical bandgap changed from 2.49 eV for CdS to 2.47, 2.58, 2.56, and 2.46 eV for x = 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2, respectively. The optical parameters of the films were obtained using Wemple and DiDomenico model. In the whole wavelength range, CdS0.8 attained the highest optical conductivity values. All films emitted green and blue colors but with different intensity dependent on the parameter (x).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article [and/or] its supplementary materials.

References

  1. V. Kadam, C. Jagtap, T. Alshahrani, F. Khan, M.T. Khan, N. Ahmad, AAl-Ahmed. H Pathan, J. Mater. Sci. 32, 28214 (2021)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. B.E. McCandless, J.R. Sites, Cadmium telluride solar cells, in Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. (Wiley, New York, 2003), pp. 617–662

    Google Scholar 

  3. M.A. Awad, S.H. Mohamed, S.A. Mohamed, Appl. Phys. A 127, 343 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. K.M. Yu, M.A. Mayer, D.T. Speaks, H. He, R. Zhao, L. Hsu, S.S. Mao, E.E. Haller, W. Walukiewicz, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 123505 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. L.R. de León-Gutiérrez, J.J. Cayente-Romero, J.M. Peza-Tapia, E. Barrera-Calva, J.C. Martínez-Flores, M. Ortega-López, Mater. Lett. 60, 3866 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Z.K. Heiba, M.B. Mohamed, S. Ahmed, Opt. Quantum Electron. 53(5), 1 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. M.A. Naghmash, M.M. Ibrahim, Mater. Chem. Phys. 283, 126036 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. M.S. Javed, T. Najam, I. Hussain, S.S.A. Shah, S. Ibraheem, A. Mahmood, M. Imran, M.A. Assiri, S.H. Siyal, Mater. Lett. 303, 130478 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. O. Asif, A.C. Rastogi, Thin Solid Films 733, 138807 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A.B. Abdeta, H. Sun, Y. Guo, Q. Wu, J. Zhang, Z. Yuan, J. Lin, X. Chen, Adv. Powder Technol. 32(8), 2856 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. A.K. Abay, D.-H. Kuo, X. Chen, A.D. Saragih, Chemosphere 189, 21 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Gueddim, S. Zerroug, N. Bouarissa, Philos. Mag. 95(24), 2627 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R.R. Thankalekshmi, A.C. Rastogi, J. Appl. Phys. 112, 063708 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. M. Hsieh, S.J. Lue, J. Ao, Y. Sun, W.-S. Feng, L.-B. Chang, J. Power Sources 246, 443 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. K. Ramanathan, M.A. Contreras, C.L. Perkins, S. Asher, F.S. Hasoon, J. Keane, D. Young, M. Romero, W. Metzger, R. Noufi, J. Ward, A. Duda, Prog. Photovolt. 11, 225 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. F. Ballipinar, A.C. Rastogi, J. Appl. Phys. 121, 035302 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Y. Yan, D. Albin, M.M. Al-Jassim, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 171 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J.P. Enriquez, X. Mathew, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol Cells 76, 313 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Schaffner, M. Motzko, A. Tueschen, A. Swirschuk, H.-J. Schimper, A. Klein, T. Modes, O. Zywitzki, W. Jaegermann, J. Appl. Phys. 110, 064508 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. B.E. McCandless, L.V. Moulton, R.W. Birkmire, Prog. Photovolt. 5, 249 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. N.M. Jassim, N. Hadi, IOP Conf. Ser. 454, 012111 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. J. Szeremeta, M. Nyk, D. Wawrzynczyk, M Samoc Nanoscale 5, 2388 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J.H. Joshi, D.K. Kanchan, M.J. Joshi, H.O. Jethva, K.D. Parikh, Mater. Res. Bull. 93, 63 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. G. Pradhan, A.K. Sharma, J. Mater. Sci. 54, 14809 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Z.K. Heiba, A.A. Albassam, M.B. Mohamed, Appl. Phys. A 126(6), 1 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. P. Di Martino, R. Censi, L. Malaj, D. Capsoni, V. Massarotti, S. Martelli, Cryst. Res. Technol. 42(3), 275 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. S. Goktas, A. Goktas, J. Alloys Compd. 863, 158734 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. D. Barreca, A. Gasparotto, C. Maragno, E. Tondello, J. Elecrochem. Soc. 151(6), 28 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. T. Gao, T.H. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. B 108(52), 20045 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. W. Lee, N.P. Dasgupta, J.H. Jung, J. Lee, R. Sinclair, BF Prinz Nanotechnol. 21, 485402 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. B. Sharma, R. Lalwani, R. Das, D.S. Raghuwanshi, J. Mater. Sci. 32, 20903 (2021)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J. Tauc, R. Grigorovici, A. Vancu, Phys. Status Solidi 15, 627 (1966)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. A.A.A. Darwish, A.M. Aboraia, S.R. Alharbi, A.M. El Shafey, Zuhair M. Mohammedsaleh, H.A. Alrafai, T.A. Hanafy, Asmaa M.A. Omar, Opti. Mater. 120, 111416 (2021).

  34. S.H. Wemple, D. Domenico, Phys. Rev. B 3, 1338 (1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. S.H. Wemple, Phys. Rev. B 7, 3767 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. W. Sellmeier, Ann. Phys. Chem. 143, 271 (1871)

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. Rodríguez-Carvajal, Phys. B (Amsterdam, Neth.) 192, 55 (1993).

  38. L. Lutterotti, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B. 268, 334 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Y. Liu, J. Lian, M. Zhao, Y. Wang, M. Li, H. Song, EPL 117, 57007 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. A. Goktas, S. Modanl, A. Tumbul, A. Kilic, J. Alloys Compd. 893, 162334 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. A. Goktas, A. Tumbul, F. Aslan, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 90, 487 (2019).

  42. F. Aslan, F. Arslan, A. Tumbul, A. Goktas, Opt. Mater. 127, 112270 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Z.K. Heiba, M.B. Mohamed, A. Badawi, Appl. Phys. A 127(3), 1–11 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Z.K. Heiba, M.B. Mohamed, S.I. Ahmed, A.A. Albassam, J. Mater. Sci. 31(16), 13447 (2020)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Z.K. Heiba, M.B. Mohamed, N.G. Imam, J. Mol. Struct. 1094, 91 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. M.F. Saleem, H. Zhang, Y. Deng, D Wangm J. Raman Spectrosc. 48, 224 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. T.T.K. Chi, G. Gouadec, P. Colomban, G. Wang, L. Mazerolles, N.Q. Liem, J. Raman, Spectrosc. 42, 1007 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. D.R.T. Zahn, C.H. Maierhofer, A. Winter, M. Reckzügel, R. Srama, A. Thomas, K. Horn, W. Richter, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 2206 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. O. Zelaya-Angel, R. Lozada-Morales, Phys. Rev. B 62, 13064 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. P. Kumar, N. Saxena, R. Chandra, V. Gupta, A. Agarwal, D. Kanjilal, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7, 584 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. J. Wang, X. Wu, Y. He, W. Guo, Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang,. J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 27712 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Q. Xiao, C. Xiao, Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 7111 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. V. Srihari, V. Sridharan, T.R. Ravindran, S. Chandra, A.K. Arora, V.S. Sastry, C.S. Sundar, Solid State Commun. 19, 315 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Z.V. Popovic, G. Stansic, D. Stojanovic, R. Kostic, Phys. Stat. Sol. (B) 165, K109 (1991).

  55. T.M. Khan, T. Shahid, M. Zakria, R.I. Shakoor, Electron. Mater. Lett. 11(3), 366 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. T.M. Khan, T. Shahid, M. Zakria, R.I. Shakoor, Appl. Phys. A 125, 249 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. R. Cusco, J. Ibanez, N.D. Amador, L. Artus, J.Z. Perez, V.M. Sanjose, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 063519 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. A. Ghosh, R.N.P.J. Choudhary, Phys. D 42, 075416 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. F. Friedrich, N.H. Nickel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 111903 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. D.L. Sekulić, Z.Ž Lazarević, Č Jovalekić, A. Rečnik, M. Romčević, B. Hadžić, N.Ž Romčević, Sci. Sinter. 46, 235 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. J. Trajić, M. Gilić, N. Romčević, M. Romčević, G. Stanišić, B. Hadžić, M. Petrović, Y.S. Yahia, Sci. Sinter. 47, 145 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. S.L. Xie, X.H. Lu, T. Zhai, J.Y. Gan, W. Li, M. Xu, M.H. Yu, Y.M. Zhang, Y.X. Tong, Langmuir 28, 10558 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. W. Li, M. Li, S. Xie, T. Zhai, M. Yu, C. Liang, X. Ouyang, X. Lu, H. Li, Y. Tong, CrystEngComm 15, 4212 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. A. Deshpande, P. Shah, R.S. Gholap, N.M. Gupta, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 333, 263 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Y.C. Weng, H. Chang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41, 10670 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. P. Chen, L. Gu, X. Cao, CrystEngComm 12, 3950 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. J.J. Yeh, I. Lindau, Atomic subshell photoionization cross sections and asymmetry parameters: 1 ≤ Z ≤103. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 32, 1–155 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. L. Liu, Y. Jiao, C. Gao, H. Xuc, W. Zhao, W. Dai, W. Yu, X. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 738, 158 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. E. Gondek, P. Karasiński, J. Mater. Sci. 24, 2934 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. X. Li, D.L. Young, H. Moutinho, Y. Yan, C. Narayanswamy, T.A. Gessert, T.J. Coutts, Electrochem. Solid State 4, C43 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Z.K. Heiba, M.B. Mohamed, N.M. Farag, A Badawi. J. Mater. Sci. 32, 9517 (2021)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Anjali, B.S. Patial, N. Thakur, J. Asian Ceram. Soc., 8(3), 777 (2020)

  73. P S. V. Mocherla, C. Karthik, R. Ubic, M. S. Ramachandra Rao, C. Sudakar, Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 022910 (2013).

  74. R. Udayabhaskar, B. Karthikeyan, J. Appl. Phys. 116, 094310 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. R. Dalven, Phys. Rev. B 8(12), 6033 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. D. Kumar, M. Singh, A.K. Singh, AIP Conf. Proc. 030185, 1 (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  77. R.O. Yathisha, Y.A. Nayaka, J. Mater. Sci. 53, 678 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. B.E. Sernelius, K.F. Berggren, Z.C. Jim, I. Hamberg, C.G. Granqvist, Phys. Rev. B 37, 10244 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Z.Y. Zhong, E.S. Cho, S.J. Kwon, Mater. Chem. Phys. 135, 287 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Z.K. Heiba, M.B. Mohamed, A. Badawi, J. Mater. Sci. 33, 11354 (2022)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. M.S. Dawood, T.A. Elmosalami, W.M. Desoky, Opt. Mater. 117, 111101 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. S.H. Mohamed, R. Drese, Thin Solid Films 513, 64 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Z.K. Heiba, M.B. Mohamed, A. Badawi, Appl. Phys. A 128(2), 1 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. G.R. Suma, N.K. Subramani, K.N. Shilpa, S. Sachhidananda, S.V. Satyanarayana, J. Mater. Sci. 28(14), 10707 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. P. Zhou, G. You, J. Li, S. Wang, S. Qian, L. Chen, Opt. Express 13, 1508 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. S.F. Wuister, A. Meijerink, J. Lumin. 105, 35 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. A. Hasselbarth, A. Eychmuller, H. Waller, Chem. Phys. Lett. 203, 271 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. W. Chen, Y. Xu, Z. Lin, Z. Wang, L. Lin, Solid State Commun. 105, 129 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. M. Zhu, Y. Mi, G. Zhu, D. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Weng, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 18863 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Taif University Research Supporting Project Number (TURSP-2020/66), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

Funding was provided by Taif University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt

    Zein K. Heiba, Mohamed Bakr Mohamed & Hassan Elshimy

  2. Depatment of Physics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia

    Sameh I. Ahmed

Authors
  1. Zein K. Heiba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohamed Bakr Mohamed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sameh I. Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hassan Elshimy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ZKH: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. MBM: Data curation, Writing – original draft, Reviewing, Software. SIA: Preparation, review & editing. HELs: Data curation, Preparation, Writing & editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed Bakr Mohamed.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Heiba, Z.K., Mohamed, M.B., Ahmed, S.I. et al. Controlling the optical characteristics of CdSx thin film by changing the stoichiometric ratio (x). J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 33, 17571–17586 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08623-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08623-w

Search

Navigation