Abstract
Nanocrystalline Sn(1−x)CoxO2 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) nanoparticles have been synthesized under microwave irradiation using oxalic acid (H2C2O4) as reducing agent. X-ray diffraction studies show that the prepared nanoparticles are crystalline with tetragonal crystal system and with few additional phases, which is further supported by Raman spectroscopy. The variation in molar concentration of Co2+ ions had a significant effect on size and morphological aspects which is evident from high resolution microscopic images. The emission owing to band edge position, recombination with V ++o centers and recombination with shallow level defects were observed from the Photoluminescence spectrum. The existence of room temperature ferromagnetism has been clearly observed using magnetization hysteresis measurements and the magnetic moments are found to decrease with the increased cobalt ions concentration. The decrease in charge carriers that arises due to the formed impurity phases and its significant effect on electron transfer capability have been discussed with the assistance of cyclic voltammetry. This study possibly will bring better insight for understanding the effects of doping concentration, formation of impurity phases and explicate the consequences of them on various properties of nanostructured materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K. Srinivas, M. Vithal, B. Sreedhar, M.M. Raja, P.V. Reddy, Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Co-doped SnO2 based diluted magnetic semiconductors. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 3543–3552 (2009)
M. Aziz, S.S. Abbas, W.R.W. Baharom, Size-controlled synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles by sol–gel method. Mater. Lett. 91, 31–34 (2013)
L. Liu, C. Guo, S. Li, L. Wang, Q. Dong, W. Li, Improved H2 sensing properties of Co-doped SnO2 nanofibers. Sens. Actuators, B 150, 806–810 (2010)
K. Lagha, M.S. Belkaid, L. Escoubas, M. Pasquinelli, Elaboration of heterojunction solar cell by deposit of tin oxide films on silicon by APCVD. Thin Solid Films 518, 1218–1221 (2009)
A.S. Ahmed, S.M. Muhamed, M.L. Singla, S. Tabassum, A.H. Naqvi, A. Azam, Band gap narrowing and fluorescence properties of nickel doped SnO2 nanoparticles. J. Lumin. 131, 1 (2011)
S. Sambasivam, S.B. Kim, J.H. Jeong, B.C. Choi, K.W. Lim, S.S. Kim, T.K. Song, Effect of Er3+ doping in SnO2 semiconductor nanoparticles synthesized by sol gel technique. Curr. Appl. Phys. 10, 1383–1386 (2012)
K. Karthikeyan, S. Amaresh, D. Kalpana, R. KalaiSelvan, Y.S. Lee, Electrochemical supercapacitor studies of hierarchical structured Co2+-substituted SnO2 nanoparticles by a hydrothermal method. J. Phys. Chem. Solid 73, 363–367 (2012)
J.K. Kwak, K.H. Park, D.Y. Yun, D.U. Lee, T.W. Kim, Microstrucural and optical properties of SnO2 nanoparticles formed by using a solvothermal synthesis method. J. Koraen Phys. Soc. 57, 1803–1806 (2010)
G. Sakai, N.S. Baik, N. Miura, N. Yamazoe, Gas sensing properties of tin oxide thin films fabricated from hydrothermally treated nanoparticles: dependence of CO and H2 response on film thickness. Sens. Actuators, B 77, 116–121 (2001)
X.-L. Hu, Y.-J. Zhu, S.-W. Wang, Sonochemical and microwave-assisted synthesis of linked single-crystalline ZnO rods. Mater. Chem. Phys. 88, 421–426 (2004)
R. Rella, A. Serra, P. Siciliano, L. Vasanelli, G. De, A. Licciulli, A. Quirini, Tin oxide-based gas sensors prepared by the sol–gel process. Sens. Actuators, B 44, 462–467 (1997)
A. Sharma, A.P. Singh, P. Thakur, N.B. Brookes, S. Kumar, C.G. Lee, R.J. Choudhary, K.D. Verma, R. Kumar, Structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of Co doped SnO2 nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 107, 093918 (2010)
M. Bhagwat, P. Shah, V. Ramaswamy, Synthesis of nanocrystalline SnO2 powder by amorphous citrate route. Mater. Lett. 57, 1604–1611 (2003)
M.A. Farrukh, B.-T. Heng, R. Adnan, Surfactant-controlled aqueous synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles via the hydrothermal and conventional heating methods. Turk. J. Chem. 34, 537–550 (2010)
N. Dahal, S. Gracia, J. Zhou, S.M. Humphrey, Beneficial effects of microwave-assisted heating versus conventional heating in noble metal nanoparticle synthesis. ACS Nano 6, 9433–9446 (2012)
V. Subramanian, W.W. Burke, H. Zhu, B. Wei, Novel microwave synthesis of nanocrystalline SnO2 and its electrochemical properties. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 4550–4556 (2008)
P. Lidstrom, J. Tierney, B. Wathey, J. Westman, Microwave assisted organic synthesis—a review. Tetrahedron 57, 9225–9283 (2001)
M.N. Ashiq, S. Saleem, M.A. Malana, A.U. Rehman, Physical, electrical and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Zr–Ni doped Mn-ferrite synthesized by the co-precipitation method. J. Alloys Compd. 486, 640–644 (2009)
L.M. Fang, X.T. Zu, Z.J. Li, S. Zhu, C.M. Liu, L.M. Wang, F. Gao, Microstructure and luminescence properties of Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 19, 868–874 (2008)
A. Sharma, A.P. Pratap Singh, P. Thakur, N.B. Brookes, S. Kumar, C.G. Lee, R.J. Choudhary, K.D. Verma, S. Ravi Kumar, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 093918 (2010)
M.M.B.M. Mohagheghi, M.S. Saremi, The electrical, optical, structural and thermoelectrical characterization of n- and p-type cobalt-doped SnO2transparent semiconducting films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. Phys. B 405, 4205 (2010)
P. Baraneedharan, C. Siva, A. Saranya, R. Jayavel, K. Nehru, M. Sivakumar, Dual emissive Sn(1−2x) Cu x Co x O2 nanostructures—a correlation study of doping concentration on structural, optical and electrical properties. Superlattices Microstruct. 68, 66–75 (2014)
A. Dieguez, A.R. Rodriguez, A. Vila, J.R. Morante, The complete Raman spectrum of nanometric SnO2 particles. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 1550 (2001)
L.Z. Liu, T.H. Li, X.L. Wu, J.C. Shen, P.K. Chu, Identification of oxygen vacancy types from Raman spectra of SnO2nanocrystals. J. Raman Spectrosc. 43, 1423–1426 (2012)
A. Dieguezs, A.R. Rodriguez, A. Vila, J.R. Morante, The complete Raman spectrum of nanometric SnO2 particles. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 1550–1557 (2001)
K.N. Yu, Y. Xiong, Y. Liu, C. Xiaong, Microstructural change of nano-SnO2 grain assemblages with the annealing temperature. Phys. Rev. B. 55, 2666–2671 (1997)
A.M. Mazzone, A quantum mechanical study of the stability of SnO2 nanocrystalline grains. J. Phys: Condens. Mater. 14, 12819–12824 (2002)
D.L. Hou, H.J. Meng, L.Y. Jia, X.J. Ye, H.J. Zhou, X.L. Li, Oxygen vacancy enhanced the room temperature ferromagnetism in Ni-doped TiO2 thin films. Phys. Lett. A 364, 318–322 (2007)
J.A.T. Antonio, R.G. Baez, P.J. Sebastian, A.A. Vazquez, Thermal stability and structural deformation of rutile SnO2 nanoparticles. J. Solid State Chem. 174, 241–248 (2003)
J. Kaur, J. Shah, R.K. Kotnala, K.C. Verma, Raman spectra, photoluminescence and ferromagnetism of pure, Co and Fe doped SnO2 nanoparticles. Ceram. Int. 38, 5563–5570 (2012)
J. Lang, X. Li, J. Yang, L. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Yan, Rapid synthesis and luminescence of the Eu3+, Er3+ codoped ZnO quantum-dot chain via chemical precipitation method. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 9574–9577 (2011)
G. Feng, F.W. Shu, J.Z. Meng, X. Dong, R.Y. Duo, Photoluminescence properties of SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel method. J. Phys. Chem. 108, 8119–8123 (2004)
P.G. Mendes, M.L. Moreira, S.M. Tebcherani, M.O. Orlandi, J. Andres, M.S. Li, N.D. Mora, J.A. Varela, E. Longo, SnO2 nanocrystals synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method: towards a relationship between structural and optical pr operties. J. Nanopart. Res. 14, 750–763 (2012)
J.H. He, T.H. Wu, C.L. Hsin, K.M. Li, L.J. Chen, Y.L. Chueh, L.J. Chou, Z.L. Wang, Beaklike SnO2 nanorods with strong photoluminescent and field-emission properties. Small 2, 116–120 (2006)
H.W. Kim, N.H. Kim, J.H. Myung, S.H. Shim, Characteristics of SnO2 fishbone-like nanostructures prepared by the thermal evaporation. Phys. Status Solidi A 202, 1758–1762 (2005)
K. Srinivas, M. Vithal, B. Sreedhar, M. Manivel Raja, P. Venugopal Reddy, Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Co doped SnO2 based diluted magnetic semiconductors. J. Phys. Chem. C 113(2009), 3543–3552 (2009)
H. Jiang, X.F. Liu, Z.Y. Zou, Z.B. Wu, B. He, R.H. Yu, The effect of surfactants on the magnetic and optical properties of Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 258, 236 (2011)
H.X. Wang, Y. Yan, Y.S. Mohammed, X.B. Du, K. Li, H. Jin, First-principle study of magnetism in Co-doped SnO2. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 321, 337–342 (2009)
J. Hays, A. Punnoose, R. Baldner, M.H. Engelhard, J. Peloquin, K.M. Reddy, Relationship between the structural and magnetic properties of Co- doped SnO2 nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. B 72, 075203 (2005)
W. Chen, J. Li, Magnetic and electronic structure properties of Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by the sol- gel hydrothermal technique. J. Appl. Phys. 109, 083930 (2011)
K. Nomura, J. Okabayashi, K. Okamura, Y. Yamada, Magnetic properties of Fe and Co codoped SnO2 prepared by sol- gel method. J. Appl. Phys. 110, 083901 (2011)
P. Baraneedharan, C. Siva, K. Nehru, M. Sivakumar, Investigations on structural, optical and electrochemical properties of blue luminescence SnO2 nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 25, 255–261 (2014)
X. Ding, D. Zeng, C. Xie, Controlled growth of SnO2 nanorods clusters via Zn doping and its influence on gas-sensing properties. Sensors. Actuat B Chem. 149, 336–344 (2010)
M.A.L. Margionte, A.Z. Simoes, C.S. Riccardi, F.M. Filho, A. Ries, L. Perazolli, J.A. Varela, WO3 and ZnO-doped SnO2 ceramics as insulating material. Ceram. Int. 32, 713–718 (2006)
J.S. Bhat, K.I. Maddani, A.M. Karaguppikar, Influence of Zn doping on electrical and optical properties of multilayered tin oxide thin films. Bull. Mater. Sci. 29, 331–337 (2006)
F.A. Kroger, H. Vink, Relations between the concentrations of imperfections in crystalline solids. Soli. State. Phys. 3, 307–435 (1956)
M. Matsuoka, Non-ohmic properties of zinc oxide ceramics. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 10, 736–746 (1971)
A. Azam, A.S. Ahmad, M.S. Ansari, M. Shafeeq, M. Alim, H. Naqvi, Study of electrical properties of nickel doped SnO2 ceramic nanoparticles. J. Alloy. Comp. 506, 237–242 (2010)
Acknowledgments
The author PJS acknowledge the receipt of fellowship from TEQIP II, BIT campus. KN and MS acknowledge the CSIR for partial funding. One of the author, Dr. PB acknowledge CSIR- HRDG for proving support under Scientist Pool Scheme (No: 13(8778-A)/2015-Pool).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sephra, P.J., Baraneedharan, P., Siva, C. et al. Microwave assisted synthesis of Sn(1−x)CoxO2 nanoparticles: effect of impurity phase formation on structural, optical and electrochemical properties. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 27, 11401–11409 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-5266-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-5266-y