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Tuning the antimicrobial efficacy of nano-Ca(OH)2 against E. coli using molarity

  • Materials for life sciences
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Abstract

The present work reports on tuning the antimicrobial efficacy of nano-Ca(OH)2 against E. coli by appropriately tuning the molarity of the reactants. Thus, the phase pure nano-Ca(OH)2 powders are developed by an inexpensive chemical precipitation technique using equimolar concentrations (e.g., 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 M) of [Ca(NO3)2·4H2O] and NaOH solutions. The characterizations by the XRD, FESEM, TEM, FTIR, DTA, TGA, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and agar plate well diffusion methods show that the higher the molarity of reactants, the higher the nanocrystallite size, the lower the optical band gap energy and the higher the (%) increase in inhibition zone diameters (Diz) for exposure periods in the range of 6–48 h. These results are discussed in terms of relative variations in the microstructure, lattice strain, thermal stability, optical band gap energy, defect structure, and the amount of (OH−) ions. Further, the possible mechanisms of antimicrobial behavior are suggested. Finally, the implications of these results in terms of microstructurally tuned nano-Ca(OH)2 materials development for prospective futuristic applications are highlighted.

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Funding

This work was financially supported through Enhanced Seed Grant Endowment Fund Project No EF/2019–20//QE04-06 provided to the author PK and the Enhanced Seed Grant Endowment Fund Project No. EF/2019–20/QEO4-01 dated 30.04.2019 provided to the author MD by the Directorate of Research at the Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ). It was also financially supported by the Industry Sponsored Project of RI Instruments & Innovation India Ref: RIIII/PROPJ/MUJ/2020 tenable at the Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Manipal University Jaipur. It was also supported by the financial support from DST-SERB Imprint Project with sanction no. IMP/2019/000004 dated 16th December 2019 sanctioned to the author MD. The authors acknowledge the infrastructural supports received from the Central Analytical Facility (CAF) at MUJ for the UV–Vis, FTIR, and DTA-TGA measurements, MRC, MNIT Jaipur for the FESEM and HRTEM measurements and DIAT, Pune, for the XRD measurements.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India

    Harish, Pushpendra Kumar & Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay

  2. Department of Bioscience, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India

    Sapna Kumari & Mousumi Debnath

  3. Department of Physics, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, India

    Amena Salim & Rahul Singhal

  4. RI Instruments and Innovation India, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, 263139, India

    Rajendra P. Joshi

  5. Department of Physics, Biyani Girls College, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302039, India

    Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay

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Figure S1.

Absorbance spectra of the samples S1, S2, S3, and S4. Figure S2. Tauc’s plots for the samples S1, S2, S3, and S4. Figure S3. (a) Inhibition zone diameter (Diz) as a function of concentration for the samples (a) S1, (b) S2, (c) S3, and (d) S4; insets: corresponding antimicrobial activities of the samples S1, S2, S3, and S4 in turn. Figure S4. Optical photomicrographs of antibacterial activity for different molarities. Figure S5. (a) Inhibition zone diameter (Diz) as a function of molarity for different molarities, (b) decrease in inhibition zone diameter with respect to molarity changes. Figure S6. (a) XRD pattern, (b) W-H plot, (c) FESEM photomicrograph of synthesized 3 M Ca(OH)2 sample. Supplementary file1 (DOCX 3854 KB)

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Harish, Kumar, P., Kumari, S. et al. Tuning the antimicrobial efficacy of nano-Ca(OH)2 against E. coli using molarity. J Mater Sci 57, 8241–8261 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07198-5

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