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d-Glucose mitigates the agglomeration of the hollow graphitic carbon nanospheres

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Abstract

Hollow graphitized porous carbon nanosphere (CNS) materials were synthesized from the polymerization of resorcinol (R) and formaldehyde (F) in the presence of a well-characterized iron polymeric complex. However, CNS formed large aggregates, which limit the full utilization of the nanostructures of CNS in applications. In order to mitigate the agglomeration of primary CNS, we conducted step-by-step investigation of the CNS synthetic process to identify the origin of the aggregate formation and explored methods to minimize the agglomeration of the formed CNS. It was found that when d-glucose, a crystalline compound, was added in the resorcinol–formaldehyde polymerization process, CNS aggregation was alleviated. The resulted CNS was studied for its surface and structure properties by transmission electron microscope, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area bulk conductivity measurement, and Raman spectroscopy. The role of d-glucose in reducing aggregation of CNS seems to be related to its influence on the polymerization process.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Sumitomo Chemical Company for the financial support. We thank Mr. Henry Song and Dr. Xiaolan Tang for BET surface area measurements. We thank Dr. Martin Fransson and Dr. Gaurang Bhargava who assisted the TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and bulk conductivity measurements. We thank Dr. Yuri Gotsco who provided guidance and discussion on work related to Raman spectroscopy and bulk conductivity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, Long Island University (Post), Greenvale, NY, 11548, USA

    Cheng Zhang

  2. HTI, A Headwaters Company, Lawrenceville, NJ, 08648, USA

    Cheng Zhang & Sukesh Parasher

  3. College of Engineering Technology, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA

    Qinghai Gao

  4. Penn Regional Nanotechnology Facility, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Douglas Yates

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  1. Cheng Zhang
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  2. Qinghai Gao
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Correspondence to Cheng Zhang.

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Zhang, C., Gao, Q., Parasher, S. et al. d-Glucose mitigates the agglomeration of the hollow graphitic carbon nanospheres. J Mater Sci 52, 5968–5980 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0833-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0833-z

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