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Assembled nanoparticle films with crown ether–metal ion “sandwiches” as sensing mechanisms for metal ions

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Abstract

Specialized nanoparticles known as monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) were affixed with metal selective crown ether (CE) functional groups and assembled into novel thin films to form potential metal ion sensing materials. Films of MPCs modified with potassium specific 15-crown-5 ligands (CE-MPCs) were successfully assembled using both dithiol linkages and ester-coupling reactions. Film responses to potassium are observed spectroscopically as the manifestation of changing interparticle spacing within a film in the presence and absence of potassium. Growth dynamics, film structure, and metal response are examined. Additionally, the important role of flexibility, especially in the interconnectivity of the CE-MPCs within the film and between the CE groups themselves, is experimentally identified.

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Notes

  1. Warning: Use extreme caution when working with Piranha (1:3, H2O2:H2SO4) solution as it reacts violently with all organic materials.

  2. Several reports [34, 35] indicate that the dielectric effect on the SPB is substantially and specifically dampened with the use of thiol-capped nanoparticles and that a change in interparticle spacing is the most likely sensing event [13, 25, 36, 37]. Based on these reports, the film geometry used in this study is most likely even less sensitive to dielectric effects.

  3. Particular emphasis was placed on analyzing the repeatable spectral shifts in the SPB of the MPC films upon metal exposure. The magnitude of the SPB (Abs. maximum) often fluctuated, as see in Figs. 6–8, with different films and irreproducible positioning of the film in the cuvette.

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Acknowledgements

This research was generously supported by grant funding from Virginia’s Commonwealth Health Research Board and the National Science Foundation (CHE-0303830). We would also like to acknowledge Sheri Notte, Dr. Chris Stevenson, and Dr. Robert Miller of the University of Richmond for their assistance and hard work on this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, 23173, USA

    Lesley E. Russell, Rebecca R. Pompano & Michael C. Leopold

  2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Middletown, Middletown Campus, Middletown, OH, 45042, USA

    Kevin W. Kittredge

Authors
  1. Lesley E. Russell
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  2. Rebecca R. Pompano
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  3. Kevin W. Kittredge
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  4. Michael C. Leopold
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Correspondence to Michael C. Leopold.

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Russell, L.E., Pompano, R.R., Kittredge, K.W. et al. Assembled nanoparticle films with crown ether–metal ion “sandwiches” as sensing mechanisms for metal ions. J Mater Sci 42, 7100–7108 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1545-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1545-6

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