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The effects of four stressors, irradiance, temperature, desiccation, and salinity on the photosynthesis of a red alga, Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Gracilariales) from a native distributional range in Japan

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Abstract

We examined the effects of four stressors, irradiance, temperature, desiccation, and salinity on the photosynthesis of a red alga, Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (= Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from its native distributional range in Hokkaido and Kagoshima, Japan. Photosynthesis–irradiance (P–E) curves at 8, 16, and 28°C showed that the maximum net-photosynthetic rates (NPmax) and saturation irradiance (Ek) were highest at 28°C for both strains. Gross-photosynthesis determined at 8–40°C at 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1 showed that the maximum gross-photosynthetic rate (GPmax) occurred at 25.3°C for Hokkaido and 28.0°C for Kagoshima (\( {T}_{opt}^{GP} \)), which is almost consistent with the summer-time seawater temperature at each habitat. The temperature responses (4–40°C) of effective quantum yields (ΔF/Fm') of photosystem II during 7-day exposures were similar to that of oxygenic photosynthesis and the optimum temperature (\( {T}_{opt}^{\varDelta F/ Fm\prime } \)) was 20.0°C for Hokkaido and 30.1°C for Kagoshima. In the desiccation experiment, the ΔF/Fm' decreased with decreasing absolute water content (AWC); nevertheless, for samples with an AWC above 20%, ΔF/Fm' retuned to initial levels after subsequent 1-day rehydration in seawater, suggesting relatively strong tolerance to desiccation. This alga also showed a broad range of tolerance to salinity ranging from 20 to 60 psu in 7-day exposures, and the ΔF/Fm' tolerated 0 psu at 3-day exposure. The adaptations of A. vermiculophyllum from its native range in Japan to relatively high irradiance, a broad range of temperature, and strong osmotic (desiccation and salinity) tolerance explain its potentially high invasive capacity.

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Data availability

The datasets generated in the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank colleague and lab mates, Hikaru Endo, Iris Ann Borlongan (present: University of the Philippines Visayas), Jumpei Kozono (present: Japan Wildlife Research Center) for their kind assistance in the present study. All authors have provided consent.

Funding

This research was supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B; #16H02939, #20H03076) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata 4-50-20, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan

    Ryo Kameyama

  2. Institute for East China Sea Research, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Taira-machi 1551-7, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 851-2213, Japan

    Gregory N. Nishihara

  3. Algatech-Kyowa Technical Laboratory of Seaweeds, Kyowa Concrete Industry Co. Ltd., Bentencho 24-13, Hakodate City, Hokkaido, 040-0051, Japan

    Chikara Kawagoe

  4. United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan

    Ryuta Terada

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Kameyama, R., Nishihara, G.N., Kawagoe, C. et al. The effects of four stressors, irradiance, temperature, desiccation, and salinity on the photosynthesis of a red alga, Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Gracilariales) from a native distributional range in Japan. J Appl Phycol 33, 2561–2575 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02469-1

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