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Addition of carbon dioxide, followed by irradiance increase, as optimization strategy for the cultivation of the red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii

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Abstract

This work aimed to verify the effects of adding CO2 and irradiance to Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation. Thalli were cultured in vitro for 2 weeks under low irradiance (50 μmol photons m−2 s−1) with the addition of CO2 according to the following concentrations: 142× 103 ppm (1CO2, 0.1 L min−1), 285 × 103 ppm (2CO2, 0.2 L min−1) and 428 × 103 ppm (3CO2, 0.3 L min−1), followed by culture under higher irradiance (200 μmol photons m−2 s−1) for 2 more weeks. Control had no CO2 addition. Afterwards, growth rate, chlorophyll a and carotenoid content were quantified. Samples were submitted to light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Growth rates of different treatments or control between experimental periods showed no significant differences, except for 2CO2 treatment at the end of each period. Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivated with CO2 addition showed cell wall thickening and increasing quantity of starch granules, chlorophyll a and carotenoids compared with control. Exposed to high irradiance, control samples showed signs of stress, such as changes in chloroplast, starch granules quantity decrease and total chlorophyll a and carotenoids increase. Samples cultivated with CO2 showed an increase in the quantity and size of the starch granules and an increase in the number of organelles (mitochondria) related to energy generation and cell construction (Golgi complex). Such alterations suggest cellular response after CO2 addition, such as the formation of starch reserves and cell wall thickening, which could make plants more tolerant to environmental stress during transport from indoor condition to sea farms.

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Acknowledgements

LH thanks Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the Productivity Fellowship (Process number 308631/2017-0). We also thank Fernando Zwierzikowski da Silva for the technical support.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88034-001, Brazil

    Thallis Felipe Boa Ventura, Camila Pereira Bruzinga & Leila Hayashi

  2. EPAGRI – Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil

    Alex Alves dos Santos

  3. Postdoctoral Research of Postgraduate Program in Cell Biology and Development, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900 CP 476, Brazil

    Carmen Simioni

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  1. Thallis Felipe Boa Ventura
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Correspondence to Carmen Simioni.

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Ventura, T.F.B., Bruzinga, C.P., dos Santos, A.A. et al. Addition of carbon dioxide, followed by irradiance increase, as optimization strategy for the cultivation of the red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol 32, 4113–4126 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02210-4

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