Abstract
Parental depression is a well-established risk factor for youth psychopathology; however, depression is highly heterogeneous, and different parental symptom profiles may be differentially associated with risk mechanisms and youth psychopathology outcomes. Thus, this study examined associations between parental anhedonic symptoms of depression, specifically, and (1) parenting and (2) youth outcomes using a multi-method, multi-informant approach. Participants included 595 parents (89% mothers) and youth (ages 8–16; M[SD] = 12.07[2.39]). Regression analyses indicated that parental self-reported anhedonic symptoms at baseline demonstrated relatively specific prospective associations with chronic parent–child stress assessed using contextual stress interview methods, as well as youth self-reported depressive symptoms at 18-month follow-up. Findings also indicated concurrent associations between parental anhedonic symptoms and observed parental criticism, conflict, and responsiveness in the context of a 5-min discussion task, as well as parent self-reported monitoring/supervision, although results were no longer significant after controlling for parental co-occurring non-anhedonic depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that parental anhedonic symptoms may contribute to relatively unique reductions in the quality of the parent–child relationship and may be a particularly salient risk factor for youth depression.
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Data Availability
The datasets analysed during the current study may be available from the senior author on reasonable request.
Notes
Specifically, parental report of IQ was obtained during an initial phone screening assessment during which parents were asked to report on whether their child had any history of diagnoses of autism or intellectual disability (i.e., IQ < 70). No formal tests of IQ were administered in the context of the present work.
Data concerning the participating caregiver’s relationship to the participating youth was not available in 3.4% of cases.
Study procedures specifically received the following Institutional Review Board approvals: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Denver, and Rutgers University.
For more details regarding this previous work and evidence for the validity of the specific disaggregation of the BDI-II implemented in the present study, please see Supplemental Materials.
To preserve the independence of chronic stress ratings, the individual who conducted any given interview was excluded from the coding team for that respective interview. A sufficient number of staff were trained such that three independent raters were available to code each interview.
Please see Supplemental Table S1 for additional details regarding the skew and kurtosis describing primary variables of interest.
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Acknowledgements
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE – 1746047.
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The research reported in this article was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health to Benjamin L. Hankin, R01MH077195, and to Jami F. Young, R01MH077178.
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The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Dr. Young has developed Interpersonal Psychotherapy—Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST) and has received royalties from sales of the book she co-authored that describes the program.
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Griffith, J.M., Young, J.F. & Hankin, B.L. Parental Symptoms of Anhedonia, Parenting, and Youth Outcomes: A Multi-Method, Multi-Informant Investigation. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 52, 413–427 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01130-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01130-4