Abstract
With the extension of digital multimedia into quantum computation and quantum networks, copyright protection of digital multimedia in quantum networks becomes a significant issue. As an important security technology, quantum watermarking is an appropriate solution, which embeds copyright information into the host signal. Up to now, several methods have been proposed for quantum image watermarking, while there are a few achievements in the domain of quantum audio watermarking. This work presents a least significant qubit (LSB) based audio watermarking which employs the most significant qubit to determine the qubit position for embedding. In the proposed scheme, the watermark image is first scrambled using a new scrambling method presented in this paper. The scrambled image is then converted into a qubit sequence, and the qubits are embedded into host quantum audio signal using an embedding key. For every procedure of the proposed scheme, the quantum circuit and complexity analysis is presented. Experimental results prove that the proposed scheme is good in terms of robustness, capacity and security.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Benioff, P.: The computer as a physical system: a microscopic quantum mechanical Hamiltonian model of computers as represented by Turing machines. J. Stat. Phys. 22, 563–591 (1980)
Vedral, V., Barenco, A., Ekert, A.: Quantum networks for elementary arithmetic operations. Phys. Rev. A. 54, 147–153 (1996)
S. E. Venegas-Andraca and S. Bose, Storing, processing, and retrieving an image using quantum mechanics. In Quantum Information and Computation, 2003, pp. 137–148
J. I. Latorre, "Image compression and entanglement," arXiv preprint quant-ph/0510031, 2005
Le, P.Q., Dong, F., Hirota, K.: A flexible representation of quantum images for polynomial preparation, image compression, and processing operations. Quantum Inf. Process. 10, 63–84 (2011)
B. Sun, P. Q. Le, A. M. Iliyasu, F. Yan, J. A. Garcia, F. Dong, et al., A multi-channel representation for images on quantum computers using the RGBα color space. In Intelligent Signal Processing (WISP), 2011 IEEE 7th International Symposium on, 2011, pp. 1–6
Zhang, Y., Lu, K., Gao, Y., Wang, M.: NEQR: a novel enhanced quantum representation of digital images. Quantum Inf. Process. 12, 2833–2860 (2013)
Sang, J., Wang, S., Li, Q.: A novel quantum representation of color digital images. Quantum Inf. Process. 16, 42 (2017)
Zhang, Y., Lu, K., Gao, Y., Xu, K.: A novel quantum representation for log-polar images. Quantum Inf. Process. 12, 3103–3126 (2013)
Yuan, S., Mao, X., Xue, Y., Chen, L., Xiong, Q., Compare, A.: SQR: a simple quantum representation of infrared images. Quantum Inf. Process. 13, 1353–1379 (2014)
Li, H.-S., Zhu, Q., Zhou, R.-G., Song, L., Yang, X.-J.: Multi-dimensional color image storage and retrieval for a normal arbitrary quantum superposition state. Quantum Inf. Process. 13, 991–1011 (2014)
Wang, J.: QRDA: quantum representation of digital audio. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55, 1622–1641 (2015)
Yan, F., Iliyasu, A.M., Guo, Y., Yang, H.: Flexible representation and manipulation of audio signals on quantum computers. Theor. Comput. Sci. 2017,
Qu, Z.-G., He, H.-X., Li, T.: Novel quantum watermarking algorithm based on improved least significant qubit modification for quantum audio. Chin. Phys. B. 27, 010306 (2018)
Zhang, W.-W., Gao, F., Liu, B., Jia, H.-Y., Wen, Q.-Y., Chen, H.: A quantum watermark protocol. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 52, 504–513 (2013)
Song, X.-H., Wang, S., Liu, S., El-Latif, A.A.A., Niu, X.-M.: A dynamic watermarking scheme for quantum images using quantum wavelet transform. Quantum Inf. Process. 12, 3689–3706 (2013)
Song, X., Wang, S., El-Latif, A.A.A., Niu, X.: Dynamic watermarking scheme for quantum images based on Hadamard transform. Multimedia Systems. 20, 379–388 (2014)
Wang, S., Song, X., Niu, X.: Quantum cosine transform based watermarking scheme for quantum images. Chin. J. Electron. 24, 321–325 (2015)
Wang, N., Lin, S.: A watermarking strategy for quantum image based on least significant bit. Chin. J. Quantum Electron. 32, 263–269 (2015)
Heidari, S., Naseri, M.: A novel LSB based quantum watermarking. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55, 4205–4218 (2016)
Jiang, N., Zhao, N., Wang, L.: LSB based quantum image steganography algorithm. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55, 107–123 (2016)
Wei, Z.-H., Chen, X.-B., Xu, S.-J., Niu, X.-X., Yang, Y.-X.: A spatial domain quantum watermarking scheme. Commun. Theor. Phys. 66, 66–76 (2016)
Heidari, S., Naseri, M., Gheibi, R., Baghfalaki, M., Pourarian, M.R., Farouk, A.: A new quantum watermarking based on quantum wavelet transforms. Commun. Theor. Phys. 67, 732 (2017)
Chen, K., Yan, F., Iliyasu, A.M., Zhao, J.: Exploring the implementation of steganography protocols on quantum audio signals. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57, 476–494 (2017)
Zhang, L., Tian, X., Xia, S.: A scrambling algorithm of image encryption based on Rubik's cube rotation and logistic sequence. In: Multimedia and Signal Processing (CMSP), 2011 International Conference on, pp. 312–315 (2011)
M. Li, T. Liang, and Y.-j. He, Arnold Transform Based Image Scrambling Method. In 3rd International Conference on Multimedia Technology, 2013
J. Zou, R. K. Ward, and D. Qi, A new digital image scrambling method based on Fibonacci numbers. In Circuits and Systems, 2004. ISCAS'04. Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on, 2004, pp. III-965
Lin, X.-H., Cai, L.-D.: Scrambling research of digital image based on Hilbert curve [J]. Chinese Journal of Stereology and Image Analysis. 9, 224–227 (2004)
Y. Zou, X. Tian, S. Xia, and Y. Song, A novel image scrambling algorithm based on Sudoku puzzle. In Image and Signal Processing (CISP), 2011 4th International Congress on, 2011, pp. 737–740
Jiang, N., Wu, W.-Y., Wang, L.: The quantum realization of Arnold and Fibonacci image scrambling. Quantum Inf. Process. 13, 1223–1236 (2014)
Jiang, N., Wang, L., Wu, W.-Y.: Quantum Hilbert image scrambling. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 53, 2463–2484 (2014)
M. A. Nielsen and I. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. ed: AAPT, 2002
www.MusicRadar.com. (2015, 01/08/2018). SampleRadar: 235 free '80s heat samples. Available: https://www.musicradar.com/news/tech/sampleradar-235-free-80s-heat-samples-628852. Accessed 18 Jan 2018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nejad, M.Y., Mosleh, M. & Heikalabad, S.R. An LSB-Based Quantum Audio Watermarking Using MSB as Arbiter. Int J Theor Phys 58, 3828–3851 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-019-04251-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-019-04251-z