Abstract
The field equation of higher dimensions theory, have been applied in the area of cosmology. The resulting differential equations are solved for open and closed. We derive a relation between the Einstein constant G(t) and the cosmological constant Λ(t) from the conservation law T μ ν ;ν =0. We give a specific form of Λ(t) to solve the non-linear differential equations. Some cosmological parameters are calculated and some relevant cosmological problems are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Perlmutter, S., et al.: Nature 391, 51 (1998)
Perlmutter, S., et al.: Astrophys. J. 517, 565 (1999)
Reiess, A.G., et al.: Astron. J. 116, 1009 (1998)
Reiess, A.G., et al.: Astron. J. 607, 665 (2004)
Sahni, V.: The Cosmological constant problem and quintessence. Class. Quantum Grav. 19, 3435–3448 (2002)
Lahav, O., Liddle, A. R.: Review of particle physics. Particle data group. Phys. Lett. B 592, 1–5 (2004)
Kamenshchik, A. Y., Moschella, U., Pasquier, V.: An alternative to quintessence. Phys. Lett. B 511, 265–268 (2001)
Zhu, Z.-H., Fujimoto, M.-K.: Constraints on Cardassian expansion from distant type Ia supernovae. Astrophys. J. 585, 52–56 (2003)
Sen, S., Sen, A.: Observational constraints on Cardassian expansion. Astrophys. J. 588, 1–6 (2003)
Godlowski, W., Szydlowski, M., Krawiec, A.: Constraints on a Cardassian model from SNIa data - revisited. Astrophys. J. 605, 599–606 (2004)
Godlowski, W., Szydlowski, M., Krawiee, A.: Brane universes tested by Supernovae Ia . Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 36, 767–797 (2004)
Godlowski, W., Stelmach, J., Szydlowski, M.: Can the Stephani model be an alternative to FRW accelerating models? Class. Quantum Grav. 21, 3953–3973 (2004)
Puetzfeld, D., Chen, X.: Testing non-standard cosmological models with supernovae. Class. Quantum Grav. 21, 2703–2723 (2004)
Biesiada, M., Godlowski, W., Szydlowski, M.: Generalized chaplygin gas models tested with type Ia supernovae. Astrophys. J. 622, 28–39 (2005)
Caldwell, R. R.: Spintessence! New models for dark matter and dark energy. Phys. Lett. B 545, 17–22 (2002)
Carroll, S. M., Hofman, M., Trodden, M.: Can the dark energy equation-of-state parameter w be less than -1? Phys. Rev. D 68, 023509–0235020 (2003)
Hsu, S. D. H., Jenkins, A., Wise, M. B.: Gradient instability for. Phys. Lett. B 597, 270–274 (2004)
Overdwin, J. M., Wesson, P. S.: Phys. Rep. 283, 303–387 (1997)
Maartans, R.: Living Reviews in Relativity /lrr 2004-7
Pradhan, A., Khadekar, G. S., Patki, V., Otarod, S.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 47, 1751–1763 (2008)
Kaluza, T., Unitätsproblem, Z.: On the problem of unity in physics. der Physik, Sitz. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys. Math. K1, 966–972 (1921)
Klein, O.: Quantum theory and five-dimensional theory of relativity. Quantentheorie und fünfdimensionale Relativitätstheorie, Zeits. Phys. 37, 895–906 (1926)
Bergmann, P. G.: Comments on the scalar-tensor theory. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 1, 25–36 (1968)
Wagoner, R. V.: Scalar-tensor theory and gravitational waves. Phys. Rev. D1, 3209–3216 (1970)
Linde, A. D.: Is the Lee constant a cosmological constant?. JETP Lett. 19, 183–185 (1974)
Endo̅, M., Fukui, T.: The cosmological term and a modified Brans-Dicke cosmology. Gen. Rel. Grav. 8, 833–839 (1977)
Canuto, V., Hsieh, S. H., Adams, P. J.: Scale-covariant theory of gravitation and astrophysical applications. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 429–432 (1977)
Kazanas, D.: Dynamics of the universe and spontaneous symmetry breaking. Astrophys. J. Lett. 241, L59–L63 (1980)
Polyakov, A. M.: Phase transitions and the universe. Sov. Phys. Usp. 25, 187 (1982). [Usp. Fiz. Nauk 136 (1982) 538]
Adler, S. L.: Einstein gravity as a symmetry-breaking effect in quantum field theory. Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, 729–766 (1982)
Dolgov, A. D.: The Very Early Universe, p. 449. In: Gibbons, G.W., Hawking, S.W., Siklos, S.T.C. (eds.) Cambridge University Press (1983)
Abbott, L. F.: A mechanism for reducing the value of the cosmological constant. Phys. Lett. B150, 427–430 (1985)
Banks, T.: T C P, Quantum gravity, the cosmological constant and all that...Nucl. Phys. B249, 332–360 (1985)
Peccei, R. D., Solà, J., Wetterich, C.: Adjusting the cosmological constant dynamically: Cosmons and a new force weaker than gravity. Phys. Lett. B195, 183–190 (1987)
Barr, S. M.: An attempt at a classical cancellation of the cosmological constant. Phys. Rev. D36, 1691–1715 (1987)
Peebles, P. J. E., Ratra, B.: Cosmology with a time variable cosmological constant. Astrophys. J. Lett. 325, L17–L30 (1988)
Fujii, Y., Nishioka, T.: Reconciling a small density parameter to inflation. Phys. Lett. B254, 347–354 (1991)
Frieman, J. A., Hill, C. T., Stebbins, A., Waga, I.: Fermilab, Cosmology with ultralight pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2077–2080 (1995)
Moffat, J. W.: How old is the universe? Phys. Lett. B357, 526–531 (1995)
Hawking, S.W.: The cosmological constant is probably zero. Phys. Lett. B134, 403–404 (1984)
Banks, T.: Relaxation Of The cosmological constant. Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1461–1463 (1984)
Brown, J. D., Teitelboim, C.: Dynamical neutralization of the cosmological constant. Phys. Lett. B195, 177–182 (1987)
Dolgov, A. D.: Higher spin fields and the problem of cosmological constant. Phys. Rev. D55, 5881–5885 (1997)
Dolgov, A. D.: 4th Colloque Cosmologie, Paris, June, 1997, astro-ph/9708045 (1997)
Linde, A. D.: Universe multiplication and the cosmological constant problem. Phys. Lett. B200, 272–274 (1988)
Banks, T.: Prolegomena to a theory of bifurcating universes: a nonlocal solution to the cosmological constant problem or little lambda goes back to the future. Nucl. Phys. B309, 493–517 (1988)
Coleman, S.: Why there is nothing rather than something: a theory of the cosmological constant. Nucl. Phys. B310, 643–677 (1988)
Tsamis, N. C., Woodard, R. P.: Strong infrared effects in quantum gravity. Ann. Phys. (NY) 238, 1–82 (1995)
Brandenberger, R. H., Zhitnitsky, A. R.: Can asymptotic series resolve the problems of inflation? Phys. Rev. D55, 4640–4646 (1997)
Abramo, L. R. W., Brandenberger, R. H., Mukhanov, V. F.: The energy - momentum tensor for cosmological perturbations. Phys. Rev. D56, 3248–3257 (1997)
Weinberg, S.: The cosmological constant problem. Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 1–23 (1989)
Sharif, M.: Kaluza-Klein cosmology with varying G and ?. Astrophys. Space Sci. 334, 209–214 (2011)
Sharif, M.: Kaluza-Klein cosmology with modified holographic dark energy. Gen. Relat. Grav. 43, 2885–2894 (2011)
Sahni, V., Saini, T. D., Starobinsky, A. A., Alam, U.: Statefinder: a new geometrical diagnostic of dark energy. JETP Lett. 77, 201–206 (2003)
Wanas, M.I., Nashed, G.G.L., Nowaya, A.A.: Cosmological applications in Kaluza-Klein theory. Chin. Phys. B 21, 049801 (2012)
Lu, J.-A., Huang, C.-G.: Class. Quantum Gravi. 30, 145004 (2013)
Acknowledgments
This work is partially supported by the EgyptianMinistry of Scientific Research under project ID 24-2-12.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
L. Nashed, G.G. Open and Closed World Models in Kaluza-Klein-Theory with Variables G and Λ. Int J Theor Phys 53, 3910–3926 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-014-2142-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-014-2142-5