Abstract
We introduce a scenario in which the breakdown of conformal symmetry is responsible for the acceleration of universe in the matter dominant era. In this regard, we consider a self interacting scalar field non-minimally coupled to the Ricci scalar and the trace of energy-momentum tensor. For a traceless energy-momentum tensor in radiation dominant era, the coupling to matter vanishes and we are left with a conformal invariant gravitational action of Deser, where the universe may experience a decelerating phase in agreement with observations. In matter dominant era, the coupling to matter no longer vanishes, the conformal symmetry is broken down, and the matter inevitably becomes pressureless. The corresponding field equations are obtained and it is shown that the universe may have an accelerating phase in this era, provided that the value of self interaction coupling constant satisfies an specific lower bound. Moreover, we provide a reasonable solution to the coincidence problem.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
We use the metric sign convention \(g_{\mu \nu}=\operatorname{diag}(+,-,-,-)\).
References
Perlmutter, S., et al.: Astrophys. J. 517, 565 (1999)
Bennett, C.L., et al.: Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148, 1 (2003)
Tegmark, M., et al.: Phys. Rev. D 69, 103501 (2004)
Allen, S.W., et al.: Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 353, 457 (2004)
Shani, V., Starobinsky, A.: Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 9, 373 (2000)
Carroll, S.M.: Living Rev. Relativ. 4, 1 (2001)
Copeland, E.J., Sami, M., Tsujikawa, S.: Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 15, 1753 (2006)
Sahni, V., Starobinsky, A.A.: Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 15, 2105 (2006)
Ratra, B., Peebles, P.J.E.: Phys. Rev. D 37, 3406 (1988)
Wetterich, C.: Nucl. Phys. B 302, 668 (1988)
Zlatev, I., Wang, L.M., Steinhardt, P.J.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 896 (1999)
Caldwell, R.R.: Phys. Lett. B 545, 23 (2002)
Caldwell, R.R., Kamionkowski, M., Weinberg, N.N.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 071301 (2003)
Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S.D.: Phys. Lett. B 562, 147 (2003)
Onemli, V.K., Woodard, R.P.: Phys. Rev. D 70, 107301 (2004)
Setare, M.R., Sadeghi, J., Amani, A.R.: Phys. Lett. B 666, 288 (2008)
Elizalde, E., Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S.D.: Phys. Rev. D 70, 043539 (2004)
Feng, B., Wang, X.-L., Zhang, X.-M.: Phys. Lett. B 607, 35 (2005)
Li, M.-Z., Feng, B., Zhang, X.-M.: J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 0512, 002 (2005)
Cai, Y.-F., Saridakis, E.N., Setare, M.R., Xia, J.-Q.: Phys. Rep. 493, 1 (2010)
Zhao, W., Zhang, Y.: Phys. Rev. D 73, 123509 (2006)
Setare, M.R., Saridakis, E.N.: Phys. Lett. B 668, 177 (2008)
Setare, M.R., Saridakis, E.N.: J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 0809, 026 (2008)
Jamil, M., Rashid, M.A.: Eur. Phys. J. C 60, 141 (2009)
Jamil, M., Rashid, M.A.: Eur. Phys. J. C 58, 111 (2008)
Jamil, M., Rashid, M.A.: Eur. Phys. J. C 56, 429 (2008)
Jamil, M., Farooq, M.U.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 49, 42 (2010)
Jamil, M.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 49, 62 (2010)
Jamil, M., Momeni, D., Rashid, M.A.: Eur. Phys. J. C 71, 1711 (2011)
Jamil, M., Rahaman, F., Kalam, M.: Eur. Phys. J. C 60, 149 (2009)
Jamil, M., Rahaman, F.: Eur. Phys. J. C 64, 97 (2009)
Jamil, M., Momeni, D., Myrzakulov, R.: Eur. Phys. J. C 72, 1959 (2012)
Setare, M.R., Jamil, M.: Phys. Lett. B 690, 1 (2010)
’t Hooft, G.: arXiv:gr-qc/9310026
Susskind, L.: J. Math. Phys. 36, 6377 (1995)
Li, M.: Phys. Lett. B 603, 1 (2004)
Hu, B., Ling, Y.: Phys. Rev. D 73, 123510 (2006)
Li, H., Guo, Z.K., Zhang, Y.Z.: Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 15, 869 (2006)
Setare, M.R.: Phys. Lett. B 642, 1 (2006)
Setare, M.R.: J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 0701, 023 (2007)
Capozziello, S., Francaviglia, M.M.: Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 40, 357 (2008)
Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S.D.: Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 4, 115 (2007)
Sotiriou, T.P., Faraoni, V.: Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 451 (2010)
Capozziello, S., De Laurentis, M.: Invariance Principles and Extended Gravity: Theory and Probes. Nova Science, New York (2010)
De Felice, A., Tsujikawa, S.: (2010). arXiv:1002.4928v1
Buchbinder, I.L., Odintsov, S.D., Shapiro, I.L.: Effective Action in Quantum Gravity. Institute of Physics, Bristol (1992)
Farhoudi, M.: Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 38, 1261 (2006)
Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S.D.: Phys. Rep. 505, 59 (2011)
Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S.D.: Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 4, 115 (2007)
Sotiriou, T.P., Faraoni, V.: Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 451 (2010)
De Felice, A., Tsujikawa, S.: Living Rev. Relativ. 13, 3 (2010)
Clifton, T., Ferreira, P.G., Padilla, A., Skordis, C.: arXiv:1106.2476
Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S.D., Sasaki, M.: Phys. Rev. D 71, 123509 (2005)
Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S.D., Sami, M.: Phys. Rev. D 74, 046004 (2006)
Carter, B.M.N., Neupane, I.P.: Phys. Lett. B 638, 94 (2006)
Carter, B.M.N., Neupane, I.P.: J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 0606, 004 (2006)
Elizalde, E., Myrzakulov, R., Obukhov, V.V., Sáez-Gómez, D.: Class. Quantum Gravity 27, 095007 (2010)
Myrzakulov, R., Sáez-Gómez, D., Tureanu, A.: Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 43, 1671 (2011)
Wu, P., Yu, H.W.: Phys. Lett. B 693, 415 (2010)
Myrzakulov, R.: arXiv:1006.1120
Yerzhanov, K.K., Myrzakul, S.R., Kulnazarov, I.I., Myrzakulov, R.: arXiv:1006.3879
Wu, P., Yu, H.: Phys. Lett. B 692, 176 (2010)
Yang, R.J.: arXiv:1007.3571
Tsyba, P.Y., Kulnazarov, I.I., Yerzhanov, K.K., Myrzakulov, R.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50, 1876 (2011)
Chen, S.H., Dent, J.B., Dutta, S., Saridakis, E.N.: Phys. Rev. D 83, 023508 (2011)
Bengochea, G.R.: Phys. Lett. B 695, 405 (2011)
Wu, P., Yu, H.W.: Eur. Phys. J. C 71, 1552 (2011)
Myrzakulov, R.: arXiv:1008.4486
Yang, R.J.: Europhys. Lett. 93, 60001 (2011)
Dent, J.B., Dutta, S., Saridakis, E.N.: J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1101, 009 (2011)
Wang, T.: Phys. Rev. D 84, 024042 (2011)
Zhang, Y., Li, H., Gong, Y., Zhu, Z.H.: J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1107, 015 (2011)
Li, B., Sotiriou, T.P., Barrow, J.D.: Phys. Rev. D 83, 104017 (2011). arXiv:1103.2786
Cai, Y.F., Chen, S.H., Dent, J.B., Dutta, S., Saridakis, E.N.: arXiv:1104.4349
Chattopadhyay, S., Debnath, U.: Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 20, 1135 (2011)
Khatua, P.B., Chakraborty, S., Debnath, U.: arXiv:1105.3393
Sharif, M., Rani, S.: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 26, 1657 (2011)
Wei, H., Ma, X.P., Qi, H.Y.: Phys. Lett. B 703, 74 (2011)
Boehmer, C.G., Mussa, A., Tamanini, N.: arXiv:1107.4455
Capozziello, S., Cardone, V.F., Farajollahi, H., Ravanpak, A.: Phys. Rev. D 84, 043527 (2011). arXiv:1108.2789
Wu, P., Yu, H.: Phys. Lett. B 703, 223 (2011)
Daouda, M.H., Rodrigues, M.E., Houndjo, M.J.S.: arXiv:1109.0528
Ferraro, R., Fiorini, F.: arXiv:1109.4209
Geng, C.Q., Lee, C.C., Saridakis, E.N., Wu, Y.P.: Phys. Lett. B 704, 384 (2011). arXiv:1109.1092
Geng, C.Q., Lee, C.C., Saridakis, E.N.: arXiv:1110.0913
Gonzalez, P.A., Saridakis, E.N., Vasquez, Y.: arXiv:1110.4024
Bamba, K., Geng, C.Q., Lee, C.C.: arXiv:1008.4036
Bamba, K., Geng, C.Q., Lee, C.C., Luo, L.W.: J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1101, 021 (2011). arXiv:1011.0508
Zheng, R., Huang, Q.G.: J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1103, 002 (2011). arXiv:1010.3512
Li, B., Sotiriou, T.P., Barrow, J.D.: Phys. Rev. D 83, 064035 (2011)
Ferraro, R., Fiorini, F.: Phys. Lett. B 702, 75 (2011)
Li, M., Miao, R.X., Miao, Y.G.: J. High Energy Phys. 1107, 108 (2011)
Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S.D., Sami, M.: Phys. Rev. D 74, 046004 (2006)
Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S.D.: J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 66, 012005 (2007)
Cognola, G., Elizalde, E., Nojiri, S., Odintsov, S., Zerbini, S.: Phys. Rev. D 75, 086002 (2007)
Li, B., Barrow, J.D., Mota, D.F.: Phys. Rev. D 76, 044027 (2007)
Alimohammadi, M., Ghalee, A.: Phys. Rev. D 79, 063006 (2009)
De Felice, A., Tsujikawa, S.: Phys. Lett. B 675, 1 (2009)
Boehmer, C.G., Lobo, F.S.N.: Phys. Rev. D 79, 067504 (2009)
Uddin, K., Lidsey, J.E., Tavakol, R.: Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 41, 2725 (2009)
Zhou, S.Y., Copeland, E.J., Saffin, P.M.: J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 0907, 009 (2009)
Goheer, N., Goswami, R., Dunsby, P.K.S., Ananda, K.: Phys. Rev. D 79, 121301 (2009)
Goheer, N., Goswami, R., Dunsby, P.K.S., Ananda, K.: Phys. Lett. B 679, 302 (2009)
De Felice, A., Tsujikawa, S.: Phys. Rev. D 80, 063516 (2009)
Mohseni, M.: Phys. Lett. B 682, 89 (2009)
Mohseni Sadjadi, H.: Europhys. Lett. 92, 50014 (2010)
Bazeia, D., Carneiro da Cunha, B., Menezes, R., Petrov, A.Y.: Phys. Lett. B 649, 445 (2007)
Bazeia, D., Menezes, R., Petrov, A.Y.: Eur. Phys. J. C 58, 171 (2008)
Elizalde, E., Myrzakulov, R., Obukhov, V.V., Sáez-Gómez, D.: Class. Quantum Gravity 27, 095007 (2010)
de la Cruz-Dombriz, Á., Sáez-Gómez, D.: Class. Quantum Gravity 29, 245014 (2012)
Grib, A.A., Mamayev, S.G., Mostepanenko, V.M.: Vacuum Quantum Effects in Strong Fields. Friedmann Lab. (1994)
Bekenstein, J.D., Meisel, A.: Phys. Rev. D 26, 1313 (1980)
Deser, S.: Ann. Phys. 59, 248 (1970)
Darabi, F.: Eur. Phys. J. C 73, 2389 (2013). doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-013-2389-7
Carrol, S.M.: Why is the universe accelerating. ECONF C0307282: TTH 09 (2003)
Carrol, S.M.: AIP Conf. Proc. 743, 16–32 (2005). arXiv:astro-ph/0310342
Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by a grant/research fund number 217/D/5947 from Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Darabi, F. Acceleration of the Universe in Matter Dominant Era by Conformal Symmetry Breaking. Int J Theor Phys 53, 881–892 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-013-1877-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-013-1877-8