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Early stage ecological communities on artificial algae showed no difference in diversity and abundance under ocean acidification

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Abstract

Marine habitat-forming species create structurally complex habitats that host macroinvertebrate communities characterized by remarkable abundance and species richness. These habitat-forming species also play a fundamental role in creating favourable environmental conditions that promote biodiversity. The deployment of artificial structures is becoming a common practice to help offset habitat loss although with mixed results. This study investigated the suitability of artificial flexible turfs mimicking the articulated coralline algae (mimics) as habitat providers and the effect of ocean acidification (OA) on early stage ecological communities associated to flexible mimics and with the mature community associated to Ellisolandia elongata natural turfs. The mimics proved to be a suitable habitat for early stage communities. During the OA mesocosms experiment, the two substrates have been treated and analysed separately due to the difference between the two communities. For early stage ecological communities associated with the mimics, the lack of a biologically active substrate does not exacerbate the effect of OA. In fact, no significant differences were found between treatments in crustaceans, molluscs and polychaetes diversity and abundance associated with the mimics. In mature communities associated with natural turfs, buffering capability of E. elongata is supporting different taxonomic groups, except for molluscs, greatly susceptible to OA.

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Acknowledgements

F.R. and C.P. contribution was funded by the Royal Society through the International Travel Awards, UK (IE160247) and C.L. was supported by Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile, Italy, with internal funding. C.L. acknowledges A Peirano for field work support, Cooperativa Mitilicoltori Associati for hosting probes and instruments and Scuola di Mare S. Teresa for the logistic support.

Funding

Royal Society, IE160247, Federica Ragazzola

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Genoa Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa del Principe, Piazza del Principe 4, 16126, Genoa, Italy

    Federica Ragazzola & Matteo Nannini

  2. Department of Sustainability, Marine Environment Research Centre, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Via Forte Santa Teresa, 19032, Pozzuolo di Lerici (SP), Italy

    Matteo Nannini, Giancarlo Raiteri, Andrea Bordone, Regina Kolzenburg, Elisa Romanelli, Gabriella Cerrati & Chiara Lombardi

  3. Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

    Elisa Romanelli

  4. Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Research Centre Frascati, ENEA, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044, Frascati, RM, Italy

    Danilo Pacella, Lori Gabellieri, Fabrizio Andreoli & Gerardo Claps

  5. Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Fiera Della Pesca, 1, Ancona, Italy

    Claudio Vasapollo

  6. Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, Pavia, Italy

    Agnese Marchini & Federica Gazzola

  7. Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy

    Alberto Castelli & Joachim Langeneck

  8. Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy

    Giovanni Chimienti

  9. CNR-IAS, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo, 4521, 90149, Palermo, Italy

    Carlo Pipitone

  10. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 3310 Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA

    Federica Montesanto

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  1. Federica Ragazzola
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Contributions

FR: Conceptualization, Designing, Project management, MS writing, review, editing and Funding. MN: Sample collection, Mimic building up and transplanting, Environmental and experimental seawater daily monitoring and analyses, Physiological incubations, MS review. GR: Sample preparation for micro-Tomography, Mimic design and printing, Data curation, Environmental monitoring, MS review and editing. AB: Data acquisition, Environmental monitoring, MS revisions. RK: Physiological measurements, experimental seawater daily monitoring and analyses, MS reviewing and editing. ER: Environmental and experimental seawater daily monitoring and analyses and MS review, GC: Analyses on nutrients, Performed all weekly and day–night measurements, MS revisions, Implementations. DP: Micro-Tomography settings design, analyses, MS review. LG: Coordination of Micro-Tomography work, MS review. FA: Micro-Tomography analyses, post-processing work, MS review. GC: Micro-Tomography analyses, data curation, MS review. CV: Data curation, data analyses, MS writing and review. AM: Coordination of taxonomical analyses, Taxonomical identification (crustaceans), MS writing and review. FG: Biological sample processing, Taxonomical identification (crustaceans). Alberto Castelli: Taxonomical identification (polychaetes), MS review. JL: Biological sample processing, Taxonomical identification (polychaetes), MS writing and review. GC: Taxonomical identification (molluscs), MS writing and review. CP: MS review and funding, FM: Taxonomical identification (molluscs), MS review. CL: Conceptualization, Designing, Experimental work coordination, Environmental monitoring, MS writing, review and editing.

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Correspondence to Federica Ragazzola.

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Regarding the protection of intellectual property associated with this work, there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, in respect to the regulations of all author’s institutions concerning intellectual property. All the authors substantially contributed to the work, from conceptualization and design, methodologies, MIMICS design and creation, biological and environmental data acquisition, analyses; MS drafting or revising; Agreed final version to be published. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the last author on request.

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Ragazzola, F., Nannini, M., Raiteri, G. et al. Early stage ecological communities on artificial algae showed no difference in diversity and abundance under ocean acidification. Hydrobiologia 851, 1939–1955 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05425-x

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