Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, two key precursors for terpenoids biosynthesis. Here, the open reading frame (ORF) sequences of GPS (named CiGPS) and FPS (named CiFPS) with lengths of 1278 bp and 1035 bp were cloned from Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum (C. indicum var. aromaticum). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CiGPS and CiFPS genes were closely related to Artemisia annua and Chrysanthemum × morifolium, respectively. qRT-PCR results showed that CiGPS and CiFPS gene had the highest expression level in leaves, while the expression of CiFPS was induced to methyl jasmonate. Overexpression of CiGPS and CiFPS in tobacco resulted in shorter plant height, darker leaf color, higher chlorophyll, and carotenoid content; the number of long handle trichomes increased significantly, while short handle trichomes only increased significantly on the upper epidermis of leaves of CiGPS transgenic tobacco lines. The relative content of terpenes of CiGPS and CiFPS transgenic tobacco lines increased significantly and monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids were detected in transgenic tobacco without wild type (WT) and empty vector (EV) lines. The activity of GPS enzyme was increased in CiGPS transgenic tobacco lines, but FPS enzyme activity in CiFPS transgenic tobacco lines was non-significant. Transcriptional analyses revealed that the expression levels of terpenoid biosynthesis pathway genes were higher in transgenic tobacco lines than in WT and EV lines. All the results demonstrated that GPS and FPS cDNA were effective to improve growth traits and alter terpenoid metabolism of C. indicum var. aromaticum.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adal AM, Mahmoud SS (2020) Short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases of lavender (Lavandula). Plant Mol Biol 102(4):517–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-020-00962-8
Alahakoon UI, Taheri A, Nayidu NK, Epp D, Yu M, Parkin I, Hegedus D, Bonham-Smith P, Gruber MY (2016) Hairy canola (Brasssica napus) re-visited: down-regulating TTG1 in an AtGL3-enhanced hairy leaf background improves growth, leaf trichome coverage, and metabolite gene expression diversity. BMC Plant Biol 16(1):1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-015-0680-5
Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: polyphenoloxidase in beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24(1):1–15
Banyai W, Kirdmanee C, Mii M, Supaibulwatana K (2010) Overexpression of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) gene affected artemisinin content and growth of Artemisia annua L. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 103(2):255–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9775-8
Bouvier F, Suire C, d’Harlingue A, Backhaus RA, Camara B (2000) Molecular cloning of geranyl diphosphate synthase and compartmentation of monoterpene synthesis in plant cells. Plant J 24(2):241–252. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00875.x
Chang J, Yu T, Yang Q, Li C, Xiong C, Gao S, Xie Q, Zheng F, Li H, Tian Z (2018) Hair, encoding a single C2H2 zinc-finger protein, regulates multicellular trichome formation in tomato. Plant J 96(1):90–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14018
Daviet L, Schalk M (2010) Biotechnology in plant essential oil production: progress and perspective in metabolic engineering of the terpene pathway. Flavour Fragr J 25(3):123–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1981
Fan S, Chang J, Zong Y, Hu G, Jia J (2018) GC-MS analysis of the composition of the essential oil from Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum using three extraction methods and two columns. Molecules 23(3):576. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030576
Gabelli SB, McLellan JS, Montalvetti A, Oldfield E, Docampo R, Amzel LM (2006) Structure and mechanism of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Trypanosoma cruzi: implications for drug design. Proteins Struct Funct Bioinf 62(1):80–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.20754
Gao C, Li D, Jin C, Duan S, Qi S, Liu K, Wang H, Ma H, Hai J, Chen M (2017) Genome-wide identification of GLABRA3 downstream genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 485(2):360–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.074
Gao W, Wang X, Purente N, Muhammad L, Zhou Y, He M (2018) A 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) gene probably involved in the synthesis of terpenoids in Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum. Can J Plant Sci 98:1254–1264. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2017-0070
Gao W, Meng Q, Luo H, Chen F, Zhou Y, He M (2020) Transcriptional responses for biosynthesis of flavor volatiles in methyl jasmonate-treated Chrysanthemum indicum var aromaticum leaves. Industrial Crops and Products 147:112254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112254
Guo Y, Zhang T, Zhong J, Ba T, Xu T, Zhang Q, Sun M (2020) Identification of the volatile compounds and observation of the glandular trichomes in Opisthopappus taihangensis and four species of Chrysanthemum. Plants 9(7):855. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070855
Hsiao Y-Y, Jeng M-F, Tsai W-C, Chuang Y-C, Li C-Y, Wu T-S, Kuoh C-S, Chen W-H, Chen H-H (2008) A novel homodimeric geranyl diphosphate synthase from the orchid Phalaenopsis bellina lacking a DD(X)2–4D motif. Plant J 55(5):719–733. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03547.x
Joyard J, Ferro M, Masselon C, Seigneurin-Berny D, Salvi D, Garin J, Rolland N (2009) Chloroplast proteomics and the compartmentation of plastidial isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways. Mol Plant 2(6):1154–1180. https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssp088
Kellogg BA, Poulter CD (1997) Chain elongation in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1(4):570–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-5931(97)80054-3
Kenmotsu Y, Ogita S, Katoh Y, Yamamura Y, Takao Y, Tatsuo Y, Fujino H, Kadota S, Kurosaki F (2011) Methyl jasmonate-induced enhancement of expression activity of Am-FaPS-1, a putative farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene from Aquilaria microcarpa. J Nat Med 65(1):194–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-010-0451-4
Kim O, Bang K, Jung S, Kim Y, Hyun D, Kim S, Cha S (2010a) Molecular characterization of ginseng farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene and its up-regulation by methyl jasmonate. Biol Plant 54(1):47–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-010-0007-1
Kim OT, Kim SH, Ohyama K, Muranaka T, Choi YE, Lee HY, Kim MY, Hwang B (2010b) Upregulation of phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis in Centella asiatica hairy roots overexpressed ginseng farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Plant Cell Rep 29(4):403–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-010-0831-y
Kim Y-K, Kim YB, Uddin MR, Lee S, Kim S-U, Park SU (2014) Enhanced triterpene accumulation in Panax ginseng hairy roots overexpressing mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. ACS Synth Biol 3(10):773–779. https://doi.org/10.1021/sb400194g
Lee JS, Pan J-J, Ramamoorthy G, Poulter CD (2017) Structure-function studies of Artemisia tridentata farnesyl diphosphate synthase and chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase by site-directed mutagenesis and morphogenesis. J Am Chem Soc 139(41):14556–14567. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b07608
Li G, Xi J, Ji X, Li M-Z, Xie D-Y (2018) Non-plastidial expression of a synthetic insect geranyl pyrophosphate synthase effectively increases tobacco plant biomass. J Plant Physiol 221:144–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.014
Li Y, Sun M, Xiang H, Meng S, Wang B, Qi M, Li T (2020) Transcriptome analysis reveals regulatory effects of exogenous gibberellin on locule number in tomato. Plant Growth Regul 91(3):407–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00614-3
Liu Q, Chen Y, Li G (1986) The research of introduction and propagation of Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum. J Wuhan Botan Res 4(1):105–106
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-delta delta C(T)) method. Methods 25(4):402–408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
Marković M, Matović M, Rakonjac L (2019) Review of aromatic plants of the Vidlič mountain by phytocenological affiliation. Pirotski Zbornik 44:65–85. https://doi.org/10.5937/pirotzbor1944065M
Masferrer A, Arró M, Manzano D, Schaller H, Fernández-Busquets X, Moncaleán P, Fernández B, Cunillera N, Boronat A, Ferrer A (2002) Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS1S) in transgenic Arabidopsis induces a cell death/senescence-like response and reduced cytokinin levels. Plant J 30(2):123–132. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01273.x
Matsushita Y, Kang W, Charlwood BV (1996) Cloning and analysis of a cDNA encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Artemisia annua. Gene 172(2):207–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(96)00054-6
Nagegowda DA, Gupta P (2020) Advances in biosynthesis, regulation, and metabolic engineering of plant specialized terpenoids. Plant Science 294:110457
Noushahi HA, Khan AH, Noushahi UF, Hussain M, Javed T, Zafar M, Batool M, Ahmed U, Liu K, Harrison MT, Saud S, Fahad S, Shu S (2022) Biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoids and strategies to improve their biosynthetic efficiency. Plant Growth Regul 97:439–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00818-9
Olofsson L, Engström A, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE (2011) Relative expression of genes of terpene metabolism in different tissues of Artemisia annua L. BMC Plant Biol 11(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-11-45
Olszewski N, Sun T-p, Gubler F (2002) Gibberellin signaling: biosynthesis, catabolism, and response pathways. Plant Cell 14(suppl 1):S61–S80. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.010476
Paetzold H, Garms S, Bartram S, Wieczorek J, Urós-Gracia E-M, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Boland W, Strack D, Hause B, Walter MH (2010) The isogene 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 2 controls isoprenoid profiles, precursor pathway allocation, and density of tomato trichomes. Mol Plant 3(5):904–916. https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssq032
Rai A, Smita SS, Singh AK, Shanker K, Nagegowda DA (2013) Heteromeric and homomeric geranyl diphosphate synthases from Catharanthus roseus and their role in monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis. Mol Plant 6(5):1531–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/sst058
Schmidt A, Gershenzon J (2008) Cloning and characterization of two different types of geranyl diphosphate synthases from Norway spruce (Picea abies). Phytochemistry 69(1):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.022
Shang J, Tian J, Cheng H, Yan Q, Li L, Jamal A, Xu Z, Xiang L, Saski CA, Jin S (2020) The chromosome-level wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) genome provides insights into floral scent biosynthesis and flowering in winter. Genome Biol 21(1):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02088-y
Shu Z, Zhang XS, Chen J, Chen GY, Xu DQ (2010) The simplification of chlorophyll content measurement. Plant Physiol Commun 46(4):399–402
Singh ND, Kumar S, Daniell H (2016) Expression of β-glucosidase increases trichome density and artemisinin content in transgenic Artemisia annua plants. Plant Biotechnol J 14(3):1034–1045. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12476
Su S, Zhang H, Liu X, Pan G, Ling S, Zhang X, Yang X, Tai Y, Yuan Y (2015) Cloning and characterization of a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase from Matricaria recutita L. and its upregulation by methyl jasmonate. Genet Mol Res 14(1):349–361. https://doi.org/10.4238/2015.January.23.8
Tholl D, Kish CM, Orlova I, Sherman D, Gershenzon J, Pichersky E, Dudareva N (2004) Formation of monoterpenes in Antirrhinum majus and Clarkia breweri flowers involves heterodimeric geranyl diphosphate synthases. Plant Cell 16(4):977–992. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.020156
Tian N, Liu F, Wang P, Yan X, Gao H, Zeng X, Wu G (2018) Overexpression of BraLTP2, a lipid transfer protein of Brassica napus, results in increased trichome density and altered concentration of secondary metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 19(6):1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061733
Tian S, Wang D, Yang L, Zhang Z, Liu Y (2021) A systematic review of 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase in terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. Plant Growth Regul 96:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00784-8
Wang L, Jing T, Li T, Du H, Wuyun T-n (2018) Identification and expression analysis of the Eucommia ulmoides farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene family to reveal the key gene involved in rubber biosynthesis. Acta Physiol Plant 40(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-017-2588-1
Xi J, Rossi L, Lin X, Xie D-Y (2016) Overexpression of a synthetic insect–plant geranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene in Camelina sativa alters plant growth and terpene biosynthesis. Planta 244(1):215–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-016-2504-8
Xiang L, Zhao K, Chen L (2010) Molecular cloning and expression of Chimonanthus praecox farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene and its possible involvement in the biosynthesis of floral volatile sesquiterpenoids. Plant Physiol Biochem 48(10–11):845–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.015
Xue L, He Z, Bi X, Xu W, Wei T, Wu S, Hu S (2019) Transcriptomic profiling reveals MEP pathway contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. BMC Genom 20(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-5718-x
Zhao Y-J, Chen X, Zhang M, Su P, Liu Y-J, Tong Y-R, Wang X-J, Huang L-Q, Gao W (2015) Molecular cloning and characterisation of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase from Tripterygium wilfordii. PLoS ONE 10(5):e0125415. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125415
Zhong L, Yuan Z, Rong L, Zhang Y, Xiong G, Liu Y, Li C (2019) An optimized method for extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds in Dendranthema indicum var aromaticum flower. Sci Rep 9(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44102-9
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32001355), the Shanghai Sailing Program (20YF1447800). the Science and Technology Talent Development Fund for Young Teachers of Shanghai Institute of Technology (ZQ2020-4) and the Start-up Funding of Shanghai Institute of Technology (YJ2021-77).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. WG carried out the experiment, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. QM and XW helped carried out the experiment and analyzed part of the data. FC reviewed and revised the manuscript. YZ and MH designed the experiments. All authors approved the final manuscript version.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict on interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval
All authors have read and approved this version of the article, and due care has been taken to ensure the integrity of the work. The article is original and unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript. No human participants or animal studies are involved in the present study.
Additional information
Communicated by Renhou Wang.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gao, W., Meng, Q., Wang, X. et al. Overexpression of GPS and FPS from Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum resulted in modified trichome formation and terpenoid biosynthesis in tobacco. Plant Growth Regul 99, 553–566 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00927-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00927-5