Abstract
Hassa district, located in the Eastern Mediterranean, is within the borders of Mesopotamia and the Levant region. This study evaluated genetic diversity in wild genotypes in this region, where the olive population is relatively high, using morphological, biochemical, and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker techniques. According to the study results, significant differences were detected between genotypes in all morphological parameters examined. The genotype G19 is at the forefront compared to other genotypes regarding fruit characteristics. Biochemical analysis were carried out on fruit samples. Total phenolic content varied between 2.86 and 12.58 mg GAE/100 g. Total flavonoid content varied between 1.88 and 3.48 mg QE/100 g. The antioxidant activity of the genotypes varied between 29.49 and 39.92%. According to principal component analysis, the first three components explain 80.7% of the total variation. In molecular marker analysis, 85 bands were obtained from 7 ISSR primers. Seventy-nine bands were polymorphic, and the polymorphism rate was 92.94%. Because of the molecular analysis, the similarity index in the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) of cluster analysis dendrogram ranged between 0.62 and 0.91. It is thought that the results obtained will guide researchers in identifying and protecting genetic resources in olive.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y, Moukhli A, Haouane H, Khadari B (2017) Ongoing domestication and diversification in grafted olive–oleaster agroecosystems in Northern Morocco. Reg Environ Change 17:1315–1328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1143-3
Besnard G, de Casas RR (2016) Single vs multiple independent olive domestications: the jury is (still) out. New Phytol 209(2):466–470
Besnard G, Terral JF, Cornille A (2018) On the origins and domestication of the olive: a review and perspective. Ann Bot 121(3):385–403. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy002
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol 28:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chern J (2002) Estimation of total favonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food Drug Anal 10:178–182. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
Corlett RT (2016) Plant diversity in a changing world: status, trends, and conservation needs. Plant Divers 38:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2016.01.001
di Rienzo V, Miazzi MM, Fanelli V et al (2018) The preservation and characterization of Apulian olive germplasm biodiversity. Acta Hortic 1199:1–6. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1199.1
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus 12:39–40
Durgac C, Kiyga Y, Ulas M (2010) Comparative molecular analysis of old olive (Olea europaea L.) genotypes from Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. African J Biotechnol 9(4):428–433
Falek W, Mascio I, Gadaleta S et al (2022) Morphological and eco-geographic variation in Algerian wild olives. Plants 11(14):1803. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141803
Garcia EJ, Oldoni TL, Alencar SM et al (2012) Antioxidant activity by DPPH assay of potential solutions to be applied on bleached teeth. Braz Dent J 23:22–27. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402012000100004
Gomes S, Martins-Lopes P, Lima-Brito J et al (2008) Evidence for clonal variation in ‘Verdeal-Transmontana’ olive using RAPD, ISSR, and SSR markers. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 83(4):395–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2008.11512397
Gomes S, Martins-Lopes P, Lopes J, Guedes-Pinto H (2009) Assessing genetic diversity in Olea europaea L. using ISSR and SSR markers. Plant Mol Biol Report 27:365–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-009-0106-3
Gözel H (2018) Selection of wild olive (Olea europaea L. spp. oleaster) in Islahiye and Hassa districts. PhD Thesis, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Institute of Science and Technology, Kahramanmaraş
Hakan M (2017) Wild olive (Olea europaea L. ssp. oleaster) selection in Ayvacık region. PhD Thesis, Ege University Institute of Science and Technology, Izmir
Harbi I, Al-Awadi SJ, Moner AIM (2012) Molecular characterization of olive cultivars in Iraq using SSR markers and compare with phenotypic characterization. J Life Sci 6(12):1343–1350
Hussain MA, Khan MQ, Asghar R et al (2017) Genetic relationship analysis of wild (Olea cuspidata Wall.) and cultivated olive (Olea europaea L.) growing in Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan. Appl Ecol Environ Res 15(3):1255–1267. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1503_12551267
JMP® (2024) https://www.jmp.com/en_us/home.html. Accessed 24 Jan 2024
Kaya E (2015) ISSR analysis for determination of genetic diversity and relationship in eight Turkish olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 43(1):96–99. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4319818
Khadivi A, Mirheidari F, Saeidifar A, Moradi Y (2023) Morphological characterizations of Olea europaea subsp cuspidata. Genet Res Crop Evol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01740-3
Luaces P, Expósito J, Benabal P et al (2023) Accumulation patterns of metabolites responsible for the functional quality of virgin olive oil during olive fruit ontogeny. Antioxidants 13(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010012
Mariotti R, Belaj A, De La Rosa R et al (2020) EST–SNP study of Olea europaea L. uncovers functional polymorphisms between cultivated and wild olives. Genes 11(8):916. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11080916
Miazzi MM, di Rienzo V, Mascio I et al (2020) Re. Ger. OP: an integrated project for the recovery of ancient and rare olive germplasm. Front Plant Sci 11:73. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00073
Mulas M (2013) Caratterizzazione botanica del genere Olea. In: Sardo M (ed) L’olio in Sardegna. Storia, tradizione e innovazione. Ilisso, Nuoro, pp. 99–103
Mureddu M, Ucchesu M, Sarigu M et al (2022) Studies on archaeological olive fruitstones from the Archaic and Punic periods (7th–3rd century BC) of Sardinia. Italy Veg Hist Archaeobot 31(5):511–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-022-00867-0
Nadeem MA, Nawaz MA, Shahid MQ et al (2018) DNA molecular markers in plant breeding: current status and recent advancements in genomic selection and genome editing. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 32(2):261–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2017.1400401
Nikpeyma Y (2023) Determination of morphological, pomological, and biochemical characteristics of ımportant Turkish olive varieties grown in the Southeastern Anatolian region (Turkey) conditions. Erwerbs-Obstbau 65:1755–1768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-023-00843-6
OriginLab® (2024) https://www.originlab.com/. Accessed 24 Jan 2024
Özcan MM, Fındık S, AlJuhaimi F et al (2019) The effect of harvest time and varieties on total phenolics, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of olive fruit and leaves. J Food Sci Technol 56:2373–2385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03650-8
Poljuha D, Sladonja B, Šetić E et al (2008) DNA fingerprinting of olive varieties in Istria (Croatia) by microsatellite markers. Sci Hortic 115(3):223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.08.018
Rohlf FJ (2000) NTSYS-pc: numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, version 2.1. Exeter Publishing, New York
Sneath PHA, Sokal RR (1973) Numerical taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco
Sümbül A, Yıldız E, Nadeem MA (2023a) Elucidating the genetic variations among Turkish grape varieties using morphological and molecular markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 70(5):1349–1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-022-01503-6
Sümbül A, Yıldız E, Yaman M et al (2023b) Morphological, biochemical, and molecular evaluation of genetic diversity in different plum genotypes (Prunus domestica L.). Genet Res Crop Evol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01749-8
Tunç Y, Nikpeyma Y (2023) Effects of kaolin clay application on the Gemlik and Ayvalık (Edremit) varieties of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees against sunburn in dry and watery conditions. Osman Korkut Ata Univ J Inst Sci Technol 6(2):1384–1394
Tunç Y, Yılmaz KU (2022) Investigation of seedling quality status of some wild (delice) olive (Olea europaea L. subps. oleaster) genotypes determined by selection in Hassa district of Hatay province. J Kırşehir Ahi Evran Univ Fac Agric 2(2):156–173
Tunç Y, Yılmaz KU (2023) Adaptation of some domestic and foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) varieties in Hassa (Hatay) ecological conditions. J Kırşehir Ahi Evran Univ Fac Agric 3(1):8–21
Tunç Y, Yılmaz KU, Yaman M (2023) Determination of stoma and leaf characteristics with chlorophyll and carotenoid amounts of some domestic and foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) varieties. Erwerbs-Obstbau 65:1769–17780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-023-00906-8
Uzun A, Gulsen O, Kafa G, Seday U (2009) Field performance and molecular diversifcation of lemon selections. Sci Hortic 120(4):473–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.12.003
Yıldız E, Pınar H, Uzun A et al (2021) Identification of genetic diversity among Juglans regia L. genotypes using molecular, morphological, and fatty acid data. Genet Resour Crop Evol 68:1425–1437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-01072-6
Yıldız E, Sümbül A, Yaman M et al (2023) Assessing the genetic diversity in hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotypes using morphological, phytochemical and molecular markers. Genet Resour Crop Evolut 70(1):135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-022-01414-6
Yıldız E, Ağlar E, Sümbül A et al (2024) Morpho-genetic characterization of fig (Ficus carica var. rupestris (Hausskn.) Browicz) genotypes to be used as rootstock. Genet Resour Crop Evol 71:747–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01654-0
Yorgancılar M, Yakışır E, Tanur Erkoyuncu M (2015) The usage of molecular markers in plant breeding. J of Bahri Dagdas Crop Res 4(2):1–12
Funding
No funds, grants, or other support was received.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
YT: Conceptualization, investigation, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization. YT and MY: Data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing—original draft. YT, KUY, and MY: Writing–review & editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors of the article declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tunç, Y., Yaman, M. & Yilmaz, K.U. Elucidating the genetic diversity in wild olive (Olea europaea L. subps. oleaster) genotypes from the Mesopotamia region with multivariate analyses. Genet Resour Crop Evol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-01948-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-01948-x