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Phenotypic evolution of the wild progenitor of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell.) across bioclimatic regions in Jordan

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Abstract

Climate change affects the evolutionary potential and the survival of wild plant populations by acting on fitness traits. Resurrection approach was applied to investigate the phenotypic changes during the evolution of the wild progenitor of cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch.) Thell. in Jordan. We compared 40 Hordeum spontaneum populations collected in Jordan in 1991 with 40 Hordeum spontaneum populations collected from the same sites in 2014. In the comparison we included seven Hordeum vulgare checks (one local landrace and six improved varieties). The correlation analysis between the phenotypic and eco-geographical data based on Principal Component Analysis and Mantel test showed that the populations were aggregated according to their ecological geographical pattern in two groups with a significant (p < 0.0001) correlation between groups. Four heritable traits, namely plant height, biological yield, number of tillers, and awn length, determined the phenotypic structure of the populations. The two populations collected at 23 years distance, diverged in two distinctive phenotypic structure categories; a conserved structure and an evolved structure with a reduction in the phenotypic trait diversity in the population collected in 2014. These results reveal the value of combining phenotypic and environmental data to understand the evolution and adaptation of the population to climate change over a long period and the consequences on the wild progenitor of cultivated barley collection to avoid loss of genetic materials.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, which supported the collections of Hordeum spontaneum (Grant No. Pr -176- Jordan). We also thank the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) team for their help in this research: Mr. Ziad Tahabsom from the biodiversity and medicinal plant department, Ms. Muna Saba from the Environment and Climate Change Directorate, the Maru team for technical help in the field experiments, and Dr. Imke Thormann for help in obtaining bioclimate variables data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Agricultural Research Center NARC, 639, Baq’a, Amman, 19381, Jordan

    Nawal Al-Hajaj, Maysoon Ababnah, Nawar Alomari, Ahmad Albatianh, Jeehan Nesir & Hussain Migdadi

  2. Independent Consultant, Ascoli Piceno, Italy

    Stefania Grando & Salvatore Ceccarelli

  3. Arab Atomic Energy Agency (AAEA), Tunis, Tunisia

    Yahya Shakhatreh

Authors
  1. Nawal Al-Hajaj
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  2. Stefania Grando
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  3. Maysoon Ababnah
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  4. Nawar Alomari
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  5. Ahmad Albatianh
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  6. Jeehan Nesir
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  7. Hussain Migdadi
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  8. Yahya Shakhatreh
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  9. Salvatore Ceccarelli
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Contributions

N.A. and S.C. conceived the collaborative research. N.A. collected the germplasm in Jordan. MA and AA conducted the experiment. M.A., N.A.L. and J.N. recorded the data. N.A. and H.M. conducted the data analysis. N.A., S.G., S.C. and Y.S. wrote the paper. All authors contributed to and approved the paper revision.

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Correspondence to Nawal Al-Hajaj.

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Al-Hajaj, N., Grando, S., Ababnah, M. et al. Phenotypic evolution of the wild progenitor of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell.) across bioclimatic regions in Jordan. Genet Resour Crop Evol 69, 1485–1507 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01314-1

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