Abstract
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a cross-pollinating and highly hybridized plant of which productivity are greatly varied in different varieties. Accurate distinction among mulberry varieties and understanding of phylogenetic relationship among them would be crucial for the development of sericulture. We have analysed molecular distinction among four mulberry species and varieties cultivated in DPR Korea by using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. ITS sequences doesn’t represent a remarkable interspecific distinction among four mulberry species used in our study, suggesting that it could not be employed to identify them. ISSR analysis using 16 random primers generated 158 different markers ranging from 100 to 4000 bp in size. The results showed the inter-specific genetic variation (55.34%) was slightly higher than intra-specific genetic variation (44.66%), with comparatively low average number of migrants per generation (Nm) among populations (0.3886). Using ISSR primers selected in this study, in the future, the suitable breeding strategy might be established in raising of elite mulberry varieties on the basis of interspecific hybridization.
Abbreviations
- ITS:
-
Internal transcribed spacer sequences
- ISSR:
-
Inter simple sequence repeat
References
Arunakumar, G.S., Gnanesh, B.N., Manojkumar, H.B., Gandhi, D.S., Thallapally, M., Sivaprasad, V. and Tewary, P., (2021) Genetic Diversity, Identification and Utilization of Novel Genetic Resources for Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Mulberry (Morus spp.). Plant Disease, Mar 31, 2021, DOI/https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11
Awasthi Arvind K, Nagaraja GM, Naik GV, Sriramana K, Thangavelu K, Javaregowda N (2004) Genetic diversity and relationships in mulberry (genus Morus) as revealed by RAPD and ISSR marker assays. BMC Genet 5:1
Bhattacharya E and Ranade SA (2001) Molecular distinction amongst the varieties of Mulberry using RAPD and DAMD profiles. BMC Plant Biology. 3 (available from http://www.biomed central. com/1471–2229/1/3)
Chang SS (1984) New taxa of Moraceae from China and Vitnam. Acta Phytotax Stn 22:64–76
Chatterjee SN, Nagaraja GM, Srivastava PP, Naik GY (2003) Morphological and molecular variation of Morus laevigata in India. Genetica 121:133–143
Chikkaswamy BK, Chandra R (2014) An investigation of RAPD and ISSR molecular marker studies in Mulberry varieties. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 3(6):986–995
Dandin SB, Kumar R, Rabindran S, Jolly MS (1987) Crossability studies in mulberry. Indian J Seric 24:1–4
Das BC, Krishnaswami S (1965) Some observations on interspecific hybridization in mulberry. Indian J Seric 4:1–4
Das BC, Prasad DN, Krishnaswami S (1970) Studies on anthesis in mulberry. Indian J Seric 9:59–63
Das BK, Mukherjee SK (1992) Modification of sex expression in mulberry by colchicines- B, a potent antigibberllin. Indian J Seric 31:173–175
Dhar A and Ahsan M M (1989) Mulberry species and their distribution in North-western Himalayas, in Genetic resources of mulberry and its utilization, edited by K Sengupta and S B Dandin (Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, India), 111–124
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus 12:13–15
Excoffier L, Lischer HEL (2010) Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol Ecol Resour 10:564–567
Fotedar RK, Dandin SB (1998) Genetic Divergence in the Mulberry. Sericologia 38:115–125
Girish Naik V, Dandin SB, Tikader A (2015) Marian Vincent Pinto, Molecular diversity of wild mulberry (Morus spp.) of Indian subcontinent. Indian J Biotechnol 14:334–343
Kansumata F (1973) Mulberry species in South Vietnam. J Seric Sci JPN 42:84–88
Kar PS, Srivastava PP, Awasthi AK, Raje Urs S (2008) Genetic variability and association of ISSR markers with some biochemical traits in mulberry (Morus spp.) genetic resources available India. Tree Genet Genomes 4:75–83
Kimura M, Crow JF (1964) The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics 49:725–738
Koidzumi G (1917) Taxonomical discussion on Morus plants. Bull Imp Sericult Exp Stat 3:1–62
Lewontin RC (1972) The apportionment of human diversity. Evol Biol 6:381–398
Maichii H, Koyama A, Yamanouchi H (1999) A list of genetic mulberry resources maintained at National Institute of Sericulture and Entomological Sciences. Misc Publ Natl Seric Entomol Sci (japan) 26:1–77
Mala VR, Chaturvedi HK, Sarkar A (1998) Multivariate analysis as an aid to accession selection for breeding in mulberry. Indian J Seric 36:111–115
Muzaffer ˙Ipek L ¨utfi Pirlak and Salih Kafkas (2012) Molecular characterization of mulberry (Morus spp.) genotypes via RAPD and ISSR. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92: 1633–1637
Nagoo S A, Buhroo Z I, Rafiq I, Majeed S, Naseer S and Baqual M F (2019) Conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources with special emphasis on mulberry (Morus spp.) http://www.faunajournal.com/archives/2019.v6.il.A
Nataraj K, Chikkaswamy BK (2017) Computer Application of Ward’s method for RAPD analysis of mulberry varieties. Int J Sci Eng Res 8(5):77–92
Nei M (1973) Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:3321–3323
Srivastava PP, Vijayan K, Awasthi AK, Saratchandra B (2004) Genetic analysis of Morus alba through RAPD and ISSR markers. Indian J Biotechnol 3:527–532
Priya M S and Sujathamma P (2020) A comparative qualitative analysis of some varieties of mulberry (Morus spp.). DOI:https://doi.org/10.5958/0974~4517.2020.00012.9
Ravindran S, Rao AA, Naik VG, Tikader A, Mukherjee P, Thangavelu K (1997) Distribution and variation in mulberry germplasm. Indian J Plant Gen Resources 10:233–242
Banerjee R, Chattopadhyay S, Saha AK (2016) Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Mulberry Genotypes Revealed by RAPD and ISSR Markers. J Crop Improv 30(4):478–492
Rohela GK, Jogam P, Mir MY, Shabnam AA, Shukla P, Abbagani S, Kamili AN (2020a) Indirect regeneration and genetic fidelity analysis of acclimated plantlets through SCoT and ISSR markers in Morus alba L. cv. Chinese white. Biotechnology Reports. 2020 Mar 1;25:e00417.
Rohela GK, Jogam P, Shabnam AA, Shukla P, Abbagani S, Ghosh MK (2018b) In vitro regeneration and assessment of genetic fidelity of acclimated plantlets by using ISSR markers in PPR-1(Morus sp): Horticulturae. 18;241:313–21.
Rohela GK, Shabnam AA, Pawan S, Ravindra A, Mudasir G, Srinvasulu Y, Sharma SP(2018a). In vitro clonal propagation of PPR-1, a superior temperate mulberry variety. Indian Journal of Biotechnology. ;17(4):619–625.
Rohela GK, Shukla P, Muttanna RK, Chowdhury SR (2020b) Mulbery (Morus spp): an ideal plant for sustainable development. Trees, Forests People 2(2020):100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100011
Rohlf F J (2008) NTSYSpc: Numerical taxonomy system, ver. 2.20. Exerter Publishing Ltd., Setauket, New York
Sanjappa M (1989) Geographical distribution of and exploration of genus Morus L. (Moraceae), in Genetic resources of mulberry and its utilization, edited by K Sengupta & S B Dandin (Central Seriucltural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, India), 4–8
Selvaraj D, Shanmughanandhan D, Sarma RK, Joseph JC, Srinivasan RV, Ramalingam S (2012) DNA Barcode ITS Effectively Distinguishes the Medicinal Plant Boerhavia diffusa from Its Adulterants. Gen Prot Bioinformat 10:364–367
Shivashankar M (2015) Study on RAPD molecular distinction in mulberry varieties. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 4(4):1097–1105
Shukla P, Reddy RA, Ponnuvel KM, Rohela GK, Shabnam AA, Ghosh MK, Mishra RK (2020) Selection of suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR gene expression analysis in Mulberry (Morus alba L) under different abiotic stresses. Mol Biol Reports 46:1809–1817
Tikader A, Roy BN (2001) Multivariate analysis in some mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm accessions. Indian J Seric 40:168–170
Vijayan K (2003) Genetic relationships of Japanese and Indian mulberry (Morus spp.) genotypes revealed by DNA fingerprinting. Plant Syst Evol 243:221–232
Vijayan K, Chatterjee SN (2003) ISSR profiling of Indian cultivars of mulberry (Morus spp.) and its relevance to breeding programs. Euphytica 131:53–63
Vijayan K, Das KK, Doss SG, Chakraborti SP, Roy BN (1999) Genetic divergence in indigenous mulberry (Morus spp.) accessions. Indian J Agric Sci 69:851–853
Vijayan K, Nair CV, Chatterjee SN (2005) Molecular characterization of mulberry genetic resources indigenous to India. Genet Resour Crop Evol 52:77–86
Vijayan K, Tikader A, Kar PK, Srivastava PP, Awasthi AK, Thangavelu K (2006) Assessment of genetic relationships between wild and cultivated mulberry (Morus) species using PCR based markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 53:873–882
Ka V, Awasthi AK, Srivastava PP, Saratchandra B (2004) Genetic analysis of Indian mulberry varieties through molecular markers. Hereditas 141:8–14
Kb V, Srivastava PP, Awasthi AK (2004) Analysis of phylogenetic relationship among five mulberry (Morus) species using molecular markers. Genome 47:439–448
Kc V, Tikader A, Kar PK, Srivastava PP, Awasthi AK, Thangavelu K et al (2004) Molecular evaluation of genetic variability in wild populations of mulberry (Morus serrata Roxb.). Plant Breed 123:568–572
Kress WJ, Erickson DL (2012) DNA Barcodes Methods and Protocols. Springer, New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London, pp 379–394
White T, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis M, Gelfand D, Sninsky J, White T (eds) PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic, New York, pp 315–322
Xuan Y, Yue Wu, Li P, Liu R, Luo Y, Yuan J, Zhon ghuai Xiang and Ningjia He, (2019) Molecular phylogeny of mulberries reconstructed from ITS and two cpDNA sequences. PeerJ 7:e8158. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8158
Yeh FC, Boyle T, Yang R-C and Ye ZMJX (2000) POPGENE, version 1.32. Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. http://www.Ualberta.ca/~fyeh/ Accessed 5 Oct 2007
Zeng QW, Chen HY, Zhang C, Han MJ, Li T, Qi XW, Xiang ZH, He NJ (2015) Definition of eight mulberry species in the genus Morus by internal transcribed spacer-based phylogeny. PLoS ONE 10(8):e0135411. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135411
Zhang D-Y, Wan Yi, Hao J-Y, Run-Ze Hu, Chen C, Yao X-H, Liu W-Z-Y, Li L (2018) Evaluation of the alkaloid, polyphenols and antioxidant contents of various mulberry cultivars from different planting area in eastern China. Ind Crop Products 122:298–307
Zhao W, Zhou ZH, Miao XX, Wang Lin Zhang SB, Pan YL, Huang YP (2006) Genetic relatedness among cultivated and wild mulberry (Moraceae: Morus) as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis in China. Can J Plant Sci 86:251–257
Wa Z, Wang Y, Chen T, Jia G, Wang X, Qi J et al (2007) Genetic structure of mulberry from different ecotypes revealed by ISSRs in China: implications for conservation of local mulberry varieties. Sci Hortic 115:47–55
Wb Z, Zhihua Z, Xuexia Z, Yong M, Sibao Z, Jianhua W et al (2007) A comparison of genetic variation among wild and cultivated Morus species (Moraceae: Morus) as revealed by ISSR and SSR markers. Biodivers Conserv 16:275–290
Weiguo Z, Yile P, Shihai ZZJ, Xuexia M, Yongping H (2005) Phylogeny of the genus Morus (Urticales: Moraceae) inferred from ITS and trnL-F sequences. Afr J Biotech 4(6):563–569
Wang Z, Zhang Y, Dai F, Luo G, Xiao G, Tang C (2016) Genetic diversity among mulberry genotypes from seven countries. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 23(2):421–427
Acknowledgements
This research was possible by funding support of the National Academy of Science. The authors thank all the researchers of Sericultural Research institute, Academy of Agricultural Sciences who helped in mulberry sample collection.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ho, UH., Kye, J.S., Choe, S.I. et al. Molecular distinction among mulberry (Morus spp.) species and varieties cultivated in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Genet Resour Crop Evol 68, 3103–3114 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01259-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01259-5