Abstract
Chilto (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a traditional Andean crop, appreciated for its high nutritional and commercial value. Despite it is cultivated in many countries, the information about the diversity, and conservation of wild populations is still missing. The objectives of this work were to characterize wild populations of the species in northwestern Argentina, regarding the morphological traits of fruits and seeds, to decompose the observed phenotypic variability, and to look for associations between morphological and geographical distances. Fruit weight, length and equatorial diameter, pericarp thickness, pH, total soluble solids were measured in fruits from nine populations, and then a intra and inter population comparison was performed. The phenotypic variance was decomposed by a nested ANOVA. The associations between geographical and morphological distances were assessed by the Mantel test. A wide variability was found in fruit weight, pericarp thickness, and fruit length (24, 19 and 13% coefficient of variation, respectively). Nested ANOVA revealed significant differences in all fruit and seed traits among and within populations (p < 0.001). Fruit weight and length were the traits with the highest total phenotypic variation. The main contribution to phenotypic variance was made by the environmental variance, which includes differences in temperature, precipitation, humidity but also to the experimental error. There were no associations between morphological and geographical distances; although, neighboring populations showed greater similarity. Chilto wild populations have many important characteristics with high potential as a productive regional alternative and as asource for improvement.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
References
Acosta-Quezada PG, Martínez-Laborde JB, Prohens J (2011) Variation among tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) accessions from different cultivar groups: implications for conservation of genetic resources and breeding. Genet Resour Crop Evol 58(6):943–960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-010-9634-9
Acosta-Quezada PG, Vilanova S, Martınez-Laborde JB, Prohens J (2012) Genetic diversity and relationships in accessions from different cultivar groups and origins in the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.). Euphytica 187:87–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0736-7
Acosta-Quezada PG, Raigón MD, Riofrío-Cuenca T, García-Martínez MD, Plazas M, Burneo JI, Figueroa JG, Vilanova S, Prohens J (2015) Diversity for chemical composition in a collection of different varietal types of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.), an Andean exotic fruit. Food Chem 169:327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.152
Arellano E, Casas A (2003) Morphological variation and domestication of Escontriachiotilla (Cactaceae) under silvicultural management in the Tehuacán Valley. Central Mexico Genet Resour Crop Evol 50(4):439–453. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023902704131
Atangana AR, Tchoundjeu Z, Fondoun JM, Asaah E, Ndoumbe M, Leakey RRB (2001) Domestication of Irvingiagabonensis: 1. Phenotypic variation in fruits and kernels in two populations from Cameroon. Agrofor Syst 53(1):55–64. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012293700774
Ávila J, Ruales J (2016) Influencia del estrés luminoso e hídrico en la postcosecha, propiedades físico - químicas y estimación de la capacidad antioxidante del Tomate de árbol (Solanumbetaceum Cav.) Genotipo gigante amarillo. Revista Iberoamericana De Tecnología Postcosecha 17(1):30–40
Bertin N, Causse M, Brunel B, Tricon D, Génard M (2008) Identification of growth processes involved in QTLs for tomato fruit size and composition. J Exp Bot 60(1):237–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern281
Bohs L (1989) Ethnobotany of the genus Cyphomandra (Solanaceae). Econ Bot 43(2):143–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859855
Bohs L (1991) Crossing studies in Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) and their systematic and evolutionary significance. Am J Bot 78(12):1683–1693
Bohs L (1994) Cyphomandra (Solanaceae). Flora Neotropica 63:1–175
Bohs L, Nelson A (1997) Solanum maternum (Solanaceae), a new Bolivian relative of the tree tomato. Novon 7(4):341–345. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391759
Buono S, Abdo G, Hamity V, Ansonaud G, Ferreyra M (2019) El tomate árbol de las yungas. Cultivo, potencialidades e importancia. Ediciones INTA
Carmona A, Casas A (2005) Management, phenotypicpatterns and domestication of Polaskiachichipe (Cactaceae) in the Tehuacán Valley, Central Mexico. J Arid Environ 60:115–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.007
Carrillo-Perdomo E, Aller A, Cruz-Quintana SM, Giampieri F, Alvarez-Suarez JM (2015) Andean berries from Ecuador: a review on botany, agronomy, chemistry and health potential. J Berry Res 5(2):49–69. https://doi.org/10.3233/JBR-140093
Casas A, Caballero J, Valiente-Banuet A (1999) Use, management and domestication of columnar cacti in south-central Mexico: a historical perspective. J Ethnobiol 19(1):71–95
Choudhury J, Hazra P, Deb P (2017) Characterization of the wild relatives of tomato. IJBEAS 3(2):554–558
Clement CR (1999) 1492 and the loss of Amazonian crop genetic resources. I. The relation between domestication and human population decline. Econ Bot 53(2):188. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02866498
Bioversity International, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y de Alimentos and Instituto de Conservacion y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (2013) Descriptorsfortreetomato (Solanumbetaceum Cav.) and wild relatives.Bioversity International, Rome, Italy; Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y de Alimentos (UTPL), Loja, Ecuador; Instituto de Conservacion y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV), Valencia, Spain. https://doi.org/10.1177/001139216901700106
Dhakar MK, Das B, Nath V, Sarkar PK, Singh AK (2019) Genotypic diversity for fruit characteristics in bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.] based on principal component analysis. Genet Resour Crop Evol 66(4):951–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00757-x
Di Rienzo JA, Casanoves F, Balzarini MG, Gonzalez LA, Tablada EM, Robledo CW (2018) InfoStat versión. Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. http://www.infostat.com.ar
Duarte O, Paull R (2015) Exotic fruits and nuts of the new world. CABI, Wallingford
El-Zeftawi BM, Brohier L, Dooley L, Goubran FH, Holmes R, Scott B (1988) Some maturity indices for tamarillo and peino fruits. J Hortic Sci 63(1):163–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1988.11515842
Ene CO, Ogbonna PE, Agbo CU, Chukwudi UP (2016) Studies of phenotypic and genotypic variation in sixteen cucumber genotypes. Chil J Agric Res 76(3):307–313. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392016000300007
Harzé M, Mahy G, Monty A (2016) Functional traits are more variable at the intra- than inter-population level: a study of four calcareous dry-grassland plant species. Tuexenia 36:321–336. https://doi.org/10.14471/2016.36.018
Henn JJ, Buzzard V, Enquist BJ, Halbritter AH, Klanderud K, Maitner BS, Michaletz ST, Pötsch C, Seltzer L, Telford RJ, Yang Y, Zhang L, Vandvik V (2018) Intraspecific trait variation and phenotypic plasticity mediate alpine plant species response to climate change. Front Plant Sci 871:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01548
Iezzoni AF, Pritts MP (1991) Applications of principal component analysis to horticultural research. Hortic Sci 26(4):334–338
IUCN (2020) International Union for Conservation of Nature. The IUCN red list of threatened species. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34636A9880362.en (Accessed 10 April, 2020).
Karimi HR, Zamani Z, EbadiA FMR (2009) Morphological diversity of Pistacia species in Iran. Genet Resour Crop Evol 56(4):561–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-008-9386-y
Katsvanga CAT, Jim L, Gwenzi D, Muhoni L, Masuka P, Moyo M (2007) Characterisation of community identified Uapakakirkiana phenotypes for domestication. J Sustain Dev Afr 9(4):356–366
Khadivi-Khub A, Anjam K (2014) Morphological characterization of Prunus scoparia using multivariate analysis. Plant Syst Evol 300(6):1361–1372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-013-0967-7
Kouam EB, Dongmo JR, Djeugap JF (2019) Exploring morphological variation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): a combined study of disease resistance, genetic divergence and association of characters. Agric Trop Subtrop 51(2):71–82. https://doi.org/10.2478/ats-2018-0008
Lewis DH, Considine JA (1999) Pollination and fruit set in the tamarillo (Cyphomandrabetacea (Cav.) Sendt.) 1. Floral biology. New Zeal J Crop Hortic Sci 27:101–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1999.9514086
Lim TK (2013) Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants: fruits 6:1–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1
Mafakheri M, Kordrostami M, Rahimi M, Matthews PD (2020) Evaluating genetic diversity and structure of a wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) germplasm using morphological and molecular characteristics. Euphytica 216:58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02592-z
Márquez CCJ, Otero ECM, Cortés RM (2007) Cambios fisiológicos, texturales, fisicoquímicos y microestructurales del Tomate de árbol (Cyphomandrabetacea Sendtn.) en poscosecha. Viate 14(2):9–16
Meza N, Méndez M (2009) Características del fruto de tomate de árbol (Cyphomandrabetaceae [Cav.] Sendtn.) basadas en la coloración del arilo, en la Zona Andina Venezolana. Revista UDO Agrícola 9(2):289–294
Mohammadi SA, Prasanna BM (2003) Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants—salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Sci 43(4):1235–1248. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.1235
National Research Council (1989) Lost crops of the Incas: little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. National Academy Press
Orqueda ME, Rivas M, Zampini IC, Alberto MR, Torres S, Cuello S, Sayago J, Thomas-Valdes S, Jiménez-Aspee F, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Isla MI (2017) Chemical and functional characterization of seed, pulp and skin powder from chilto (Solanum betaceum), an Argentine native fruit. Phenolic fractions affect key enzymes involved in metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress. Food Chem 216:70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.015
Orqueda ME, Torres S, Zampini IC, Cattaneo F, Fernandez-Di Pardo A, Valle EM, Jiménez-Aspee F, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Isla MI (2020) Integral use of Argentinean Solanum betaceum red fruits as functional food ingredient to prevent metabolic syndrome: effect of in vitro simulated gastroduodenal digestion. Heliyon 6(2):e03387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03387
Peeters JP, Martinelli JA (1989) Hierarchical cluster analysis as a tool to manage variation in germplasm collections. Theor Appl Genet 78(1):42–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00299751
Peñafiel N, Arahana VS, Torres ML (2009) Evaluación de la variabilidad genética del tomate de árbol (Solanumbetaceum Cav.) enlos cultivos de tres provincias del Ecuador. Avances En Ciencias e Ingenierias 1(1):69–74. https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v1i1.13
Pickersgill B (2007) Domestication of plants in the Americas: insights from Mendelian and molecular genetics. Ann Bot 100(5):925–940. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm193
Rasch D, Masata O (2006) Methods of variance component estimation. Czech J Anim Sci 51(6):227–235
Ruiz E, Balboa K, Negritto MA, Baeza CM, Fuentes G, Briceño V (2010) Variabilidad genética y morfológica y estructuración poblacional en Alstroemeria hookerisubsp. hookeri (Alstroemeriaceae), endémica de Chile. Rev Chil Hist Nat 83:605–616
Särkinen T, Baden M, Gonzáles P, Cueva M, Giacomin LL, Spooner DM, Reinhard S, Juárez H, Nina P, Molina J, Knapp S (2015) Annotated check list of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) for Peru. Rev Peru Biol 22(1):3–62. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v22i1.11121
Smouse PE, Long JC, Sokal RR (1986) Multiple regression and correlation extensions of the mantel test of matrix correspondence. Syst Zool 35(4):627–632. https://doi.org/10.2307/2413122
Suzuki R, Shimodaira H (2006) Pvclust: an R package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering. Bioinformatics 22(12):1540–1542. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl117
Torres A (2012) Caracterización física, química y compuestos bioactivos de pulpa madura de tomate de árbol (Cyphomandrabetacea (Cav.) Sendtn). Arch Latinoam Nutr 62(4):381–388
Valencia R, Torres O, Benavides Hontana C, Checa O, Lagos Burbano T (2013) Caracterización morfológica de la colección de Cyphomandrabetacea (Cav.) Sendtn de la Universidad de Nariño. Revista En Ciencias e Ingenierias 30(1):12–25
Vasco C, Avila J, Ruales J, Svanberg U, Kamal Eldin A (2009) Physical and chemical characteristics of golden-yellow and purple-red varieties of tamarillo fruit (Solanum betaceum Cav.). Int J Food Sci Nutr 60(7):278–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480903099618
Weese TL, Bohs L (2007) A three-gene phylogeny of the genus Solanum (Solanaceae). Syst Bot 32:445–463. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364407781179671
Acknowledgements
We thank the local communities for their valuable collaboration in fieldwork, for receiving us kindly in their houses, and for sharing their knowledge and experiences about chilto. We also thank Mayra Tapia, Isabel Cornejo, Anabel Barboza, Macarena Rojas, and Viviana Broglia for helping with field work and measurements. This paper was written in the context of the research projects “United Nations Development Programme” (ARG15/G53), “Eco-etnología: conservación y recuperación de la biodiversidad cultural y natural” (Nº 2482/0), “Variabilidadmorfológica y genética de poblaciones de tomate árbol: un cultivo de importancia para el desarrollo local y regional” (Nº 2475/0), “Incorporación del uso sustentable de la biodiversidad en las prácticas de producción de pequeños productores para proteger la biodiversidad en los bosques de alto valor de conservación en las ecorregiones Bosque Atlántico, Yungas y Chaco” (USUBI-UNDP 15/G53), and it is part of the biological science PhD research of CYL at Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-CONICET (Nº 4199/2017). Prof. Nora Raquel Frizza assited with the English version.
Funding
This work was partially supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP ARG15/G53), the Consejo de Investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Salta CIUNSa, Nº 2482/0 and Nº 2475/0), and the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, Nº 4199/2017).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lamas, C.Y., Urtasun, M.M., Giamminola, E.M. et al. Fruit and seed characterization of wild populations of a traditional Andean crop: Solanum betaceum Cav. (Solanaceae) in the Argentinian Yungas. Genet Resour Crop Evol 69, 231–244 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01223-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01223-3