Abstract
This study assessed the potential of eugenol and the essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA) in providing suitable anesthetic induction and recovery times, and their consequent effects on the blood and respiratory physiology, as well as the gill architecture of an Amazonian freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon wallacei, shortly after reaching the recovery and 48 h later. Juveniles of P. wallacei were exposed to increasing concentrations of eugenol (75, 100, 125, and 150 µL L−1) and EOLA (150, 175, 200, and 225 µL L−1) in an immersion bath. Anesthetic induction was found to be faster with the use of eugenol compared to EOLA. On the other hand, the stingrays anesthetized with eugenol displayed a longer recovery time than those exposed to EOLA. The highest concentrations of eugenol caused moderate to severe histological changes in the gills. No significant changes were found for hematocrit and plasma energy metabolites in the stingrays anesthetized with all concentrations of both eugenol and EOLA shortly after reaching the recovery from the ansthesia, when compared to those recovered after 48 h. Investigations regarding the potential use of these natural anesthetics are unprecedented for freshwater stingray species, and 200 μL L−1 EOLA is recommended as the most suitable anesthetic for use in juveniles of P. wallacei.
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the professional fisherman from the Daracuá Community (Barcelos, Amazonas, Brazil) for their relevant support in collecting the juvenile stingrays. We also are grateful to the staff of the Laboratories of Animal Physiology and Functional Morphology for the analysis of blood constituents and gill histology, respectively.
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This work was, in part, supported by a grant from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq) to JLM (process number 484566/2013–0). B. Baldisserotto received a research fellowship from CNPq (process 301225/2017–6).
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Conceptualization: Cristiano Lopes de Lima, Bernardo Baldisserotto, Jaydione Luiz Marcon. Methodology: Cristiano Lopes de Lima, Denise Schmidt, Bernardo Baldisserotto, Jaydione Luiz Marcon. Formal analysis and investigation: Cristiano Lopes de Lima, Ruben Dario Morales-Gamba, Thiago Santana Malcher Neto, José Fernando Marques Barcellos, Berta Maria Heinzmann, Denise Schmidt, Baldisserotto, Jaydione Luiz Marcon. Writing—original draft preparation: Cristiano Lopes de Lima, Ruben Dario Morales-Gamba, Thiago Santana Malcher Neto. Writing—review and editing: Berta Maria Heinzmann, Denise Schmidt, Bernardo Baldisserotto, Jaydione Luiz Marcon. Project administration: Jaydione Luiz Marcon. Funding acquisition: Bernardo Baldisserotto, Jaydione Luiz Marcon. Resources: Bernardo Baldisserotto, Jaydione Luiz Marcon. Supervision: Jaydione Luiz Marcon.
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This work followed all the legal requirements for capture and manipulation of free-living cururu stingrays, which include a permanent license for collection of zoological material, registered (SISBIO No. 18285–1) at the Chico Mendes Institute for Conservation and Biodiversity (ICMBio), linked to the Ministry of the Environment, and the approval of the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals in Research of the Federal University of Amazonas (registry number #002/2017-CEUA/UFAM) that was developed in accordance with the rules of ethical principles for animal experimentation approved by the Brazilian Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA)
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Fig. SI-1.
Juvenile of Potamotrygon wallacei under deep anesthesia (stage III). (PNG 25768 kb)
Fig. SI-2.
Necrosis on the left edge of the disc (whitish area) of a juvenile of P. wallacei caused by burns when exposed to a concentration of 175 μL L-1 eugenol (pilot studies). (PNG 3132 kb)
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de Lima, C.L., Morales-Gamba, R.D., Malcher Neto, T.S. et al. Eugenol and Lippia alba essential oils as effective anesthetics for the Amazonian freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae). Fish Physiol Biochem 47, 2101–2120 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-021-01029-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-021-01029-1