Abstract
This study verified the effects of essential oils from Lippia sidoides (EOLS) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOCC) on the anesthesia of freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) of two different sizes (juveniles I (0.82 g) and II (2.40 g)) and the transport (8 h) of juveniles II. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EOLS and EOCC: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg L−1. Ventilatory rate (VR) and transport for 8 h with 0, 10, and 15 mg L−1 of each essential oil were evaluated in juveniles II. The major components found in EOLS and EOCC were carvacrol (44.50%) and α-citral (73.56%), respectively. The best sedation and anesthesia times for both essential oils were obtained with 10 and 25 mg L−1 and 200 and 250 mg L−1 for juveniles I and II, respectively. Fish sedated with EOLS had lower VR values than the other treatments. Blood glucose levels were higher in ornamental fish transported with 10 and 15 mg EOLS L−1 and 15 mg EOCC L−1. Hepatic glycogen values were higher in the control group. In general, fish transported with 10 mg EOLS L−1 showed fewer gill histological alterations than other transported fish. When the type of lesion was evaluated, the highest gill alterations occurred in fish transported with EOCC. In conclusion, 10 mg EOLS L−1 could be used to transport of juveniles II because although this concentration increased blood glucose levels, it decreased the VR and muscle glycogen levels and caused only mild alterations to the gills.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to FAPESB (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia, Brazil) for a research grant provided for I. C. de Oliveira (Grant number 0407/19). C.E. Copatti is grateful to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil) for research fellowship (PQ 304329/2021-5).
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The present study was financed by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB), Brazil, Process number 0407/19.
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Iara C. de Oliveira and Rebeca S.M. Oliveira carried out the experiments, biometric analyses, and contribution to the results and discussion. André L. da Cruz contributed to the histological analysis, discussion of gill histopathology, and final text. Carlos H.P. Lemos, Crislaine P.B. de Oliveira, and Altiery Felix e Silva contributed to the biochemical analysis, collaboration on data sampling, and discussion of the results. Vitor P. Lorenzo contributed to the cultivation and collection of plants to obtain essential oils. Alberto O. Lima contributed to the supervision of the experiments and facilities. Carlos E. Copatti contributed to the conception and design, supervised the findings and discussion of the results. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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de Oliveira, I.C., Oliveira, R.S.M., Lemos, C.H.d. et al. Essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Lippia sidoides in the anesthetic induction and transport of ornamental fish Pterophyllum scalare. Fish Physiol Biochem 48, 501–519 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01075-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01075-3