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A Review on Fire Protection Systems in Military and Civilian Vehicles

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Abstract

Both military and civilian vehicles are prone to fire, with severe potential consequences in terms of material and life losses. Vehicles generally contain highly combustible and flammable materials, such as gasoline, lubricants, oil, electronic devices, rubber, plastics, and so on. At the same time, fire ignition sources are present in vehicles in electronic devices, friction, heat, etc. Fire ignition can also be caused by external sources, especially in military applications (aggression on the vehicle). Thus, appropriate measures and fire-fighting systems should be implemented to mitigate the risk of fire in military and civilian vehicles to ensure passenger safety and preserve the vehicles' mobility. Halon was previously commonly used as a fire-fighting agent in military and civilian vehicles but is currently phased out due to environmental issues. In this context, this paper aims to review the research advances and progress over the last 50 years in fire-fighting systems and agents employed in both civilian and military vehicles for land, sea, and air applications.

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Abbreviations

AFCs:

Aerosol forming compositions

AFEAS:

Alternative fluorocarbon environmental acceptability study

AFFF:

Aqueous film forming foam

BCF:

Bromochlorodifluoromethane

BOD:

Biological oxygen demand

BTM:

Trifluorobromomethane

CAF:

Compressed air foam

CAFES:

Condensed aerosol-based fire extinguishing system

CFCs:

Chlorofluorocarbons

CFD:

Computational Fluid Dynamics

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

DGBE:

Diethylene glycol butyl ether

EPA:

The U. S. environmental protection agency

FAA:

The federal aviation administration

FDS:

Fire dynamics simulator

HEI:

High explosive incendiary

IMO:

International maritime organization

MRT:

The mass rapid transit

N2 :

Nitrogen

NATO:

The north atlantic treaty organization

NFPA:

The national fire protection association

NGP:

The US next generation fire suppression program

NOAEL:

No observable adverse effect level

O2 :

Di-oxygen

OEMs:

Original equipment manufacturers

OSHA:

The occupational safety and health administration

SFSEM:

The ship fire safety engineering methodology

STANAG:

Standardization agreement

TFFT:

The tactical fire-fighting truck

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Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support and funding from the French National Agency for Research (ANR) in the scope of the ANR LabCom GreenSprink (2018–2023) project, as well as the support from Campus France in the scope of the first author’s PhD thesis grant (2020–2023).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INSA Centre Val de Loire, Univ. Orléans, PRISME EA 4229, F-18020, Bourges, France

    Soleh Fajar Junjunan, Khaled Chetehouna & Nicolas Gascoin

  2. Rocket Technology Center - Republic of Indonesia National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, ID-Bogor, 16350, Indonesia

    Soleh Fajar Junjunan

  3. EXEC SAS, 95190, Goussainville, France

    Axel Cablé

  4. DGA Techniques Terrestres, 18000, Bourges, France

    Antoine Oger

  5. Indonesia Defense University, Bogor, ID-16810, Indonesia

    Romie Oktovianus Bura

  6. Indonesia and Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, ID-40132, Indonesia

    Romie Oktovianus Bura

Authors
  1. Soleh Fajar Junjunan
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  2. Khaled Chetehouna
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  3. Axel Cablé
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  4. Antoine Oger
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  5. Nicolas Gascoin
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  6. Romie Oktovianus Bura
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Correspondence to Khaled Chetehouna.

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Junjunan, S.F., Chetehouna, K., Cablé, A. et al. A Review on Fire Protection Systems in Military and Civilian Vehicles. Fire Technol 58, 1097–1136 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01187-x

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