Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Compatibility and fruit-set in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

  • Published:
Euphytica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Understanding complex factors controlling yield is very crucial to the improvement of cashew in major producing countries currently experiencing very low yield and consequently making cashew farming unprofitable and the whole industry unsustainable. Eleven cashew clones were evaluated for their compatibility and fruit set between 2000 and 2002 seasons, in a diallel cross using randomized complete block design with three replications. Data collected on number of fruit set at 6 weeks after pollination were statistically analyzed. Significant differences between the parents at the 1% level, revealed the existence of variability for compatibility and fruit set, with 34% cross-compatibility, 51% partial cross-compatibility and 15% cross-incompatibility recorded, while 37% of the parents were self-compatible. Parents sharing the same apples colors tend to be highly cross-compatible, while some clones showed evidence of unilateral compatibility. Maximum value of 55% fruit set obtained from cross-pollination probably indicates upper limit for fruit set in cashew. Significant correlation between compatibility and variation in fruit yield suggests the important role of parental compatibility in selection of planting materials for the establishment of cashew plantation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akinwale SA, Esan EB (1989) Advances in cashew breeding in Nigeria. In: Progress in Tree Crop Research, 2nd edn. Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan, Nigeria, pp 166–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Akinwale SA (1990) Biological characterization of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile – Ife, Nigeria, 211 pp

  • Akinwale SA (1992) Implications of pollen characters to systematic delimitation of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Plant Cell Incompatibility Newsl 24:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Aliyu OM, Hammed LA (2000) A study of nut and apple development in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Niger J Tree Crop Res 4(2):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Aliyu OM, Awopetu JA (2003). Studies on flowering pattern in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Niger J Genet 18:29–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Aliyu OM, Awopetu JA (2007) Chromosome studies in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Afr J Biotechnol 6(2):131–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aliyu OM (2004) Characterization and compatibility studies in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L). Ph.D Thesis, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 266 pp

  • Aliyu OM (2007) Pollen-style compatibility in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Euphytica (on-line) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9447-x

  • Atanda OA (1972) Correlation studies in Theobroma cacao L. Turrialba 22:81–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaikie S, O’Farrell P, Muller W, Wei X, Scott N, Skyes S, Chack E (2002) Assessment and selection of new cashew hybrids. A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC). RIRDC Publication No. 01/177. 21pp

  • Campbell RR (1988) Mating structure and cost of deleterious mutation I. Postponing inbreeding. J Hered 78:179–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Chacko EK, Baker I, Downton JWS (1990) Towards a sustainable cashew industry for Australia. J Aust Inst Agric Sci 3:39–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Chacko EK (1990) Summary of research work by CSIRO. Working papers of the 3rd Annual Research and Development Workshop; February 21, 1990; Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, pp 14–18

  • Drewlow LW, Ascher PD, Widmer RE (1973) Genetic studies of self-Incompatibility in the garden Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Theor Appl Genet 43:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2005) Food and Agriculture Organization production statistics (2005) website<htt://faostat.fao.org/site/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=340>

  • Foltan H, Ludders P (1995) Flowering, fruit set and genotype compatibility in cashew. Angew Bot 69:215–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Free BB, Williams IH (1976) Insect pollination of Anacardium occidentale L., Mangifera indica L., Blighia sapida Koeing, and Persea Americana Mill. Trop Agric 53:125–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh SN (1989) Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on flowering duration, yield and shelling percentage of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Indian Cashew J 19:19–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Heard TA, Vithanage V, Chacko EK (1990) Pollination biology of cashew in the Norther Territory of Australia. Aust J Agric Res 41(6):1101–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holanda-Neto JP, Freitas BM, Bueno DM, Araujo ZB (2002) Low seed/nut productivity in cashew (Anacardium occidentale): effects of self incompatibility and honey bee (Apis mellifera) foraging behaviour. J HortSci Biotechnol 77:226–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob VJ, Atanda OA (1972) Compatibility and fruit setting in Theobroma cacao L. Proceedings of the Genetic Society of Nigeria, University of Ibadan, pp 98–106

  • Lachenaud P (1991) Facteurs de la fructification chez le cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao). Influence sur le nombre de graines par fruit. Doctoral dissertation, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grigon, Paris

  • Lanaud CO, Sounigo YK, Amefia D, Paulin PH, Lachenaud P, Clememt D (1987) Nouvelles donnees sur le fonctionnement du systeme d’imcompatibilite du cacaoyer et ses consequences pour la selecton. Café Cacao The’ 31(3):267–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Lande R, Schemske DW (1985) The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants. I. Genetic Models. Evolution 39:24–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonardi J, Chacko EK, Vithanage V, Turnbull CGN (1994) Studies on premature flower and nut abscission in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Working papers of the 7th Annual Cashew Research and Development Workshop; May 17, 1994; Cairns, North Queensland, Australia, pp 52–59

  • Mariano AH, Bartely BGD (1981) Comportamento das selecoes baianas na producao de cacaueiro: In Proceedings of 7th International Cocoa Research Conference. J de Lafforest Transla-Inter, Douala, pp 527–533

  • Martin FW (1963) The genetic control of unilateral incompatibility between two tomato species. Genetics 56:391–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins PJ, Kasuga LJ (1995) Variation in cashew tree yield in South east Tanzania and the implication for management of cashew smallholder farmers in Tanzania. Exp Agric 72:261–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Masawe PAL, Cundall EP, Caligari PDS (1996). Distribution of cashew flower sex-types between clones and sides of tree canopies in Tanzania. Ann Bot 78:553–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morakinyo JA, Adebola PO (1991) Karyotypic analysis and meiotic chromosome behaviour in Pennisetum americanum, P. puroureum and P. pedicellatum. Niger J Bot 4:127–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy KN, Yadava RBR, Bigger J (1975) Increasing fruit set in cashew by hormone spraying. J Plantat Crops (India) 3(2):81–82

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy KN, Vijayakumar K, Pillai RSN, Kumaran PM (1984) Aspects of flowering behaviour and correlation studies in cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.). In: Proceedings of the International Cashew Symposium, Cochin, Central Plantation Crop Research Institute (ICAR), Kerala, India, pp 279–280

  • Nambiar MC (1977) Cashew. In: Avim PT, Kozlowski TT (eds) Ecophysiology of tropical crops. Academic Press, New York, pp 461–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayan C, Ghosh SN (1996) Fruit set and fruit drop in cashew in Jhargram conditions. Environ Ecol 14:144–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Nawale RN, Salvi MJ, Limaye VP (1984) Studies on fruit set and fruit drop in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Cashew Causerie 6:5–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Northwood PJ (1966) Some observations on flowering and fruiting-setting in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Trop Agric (Trinidad and Tobago) 43:35–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohler JG (1979) Cashew. Koninklijk instituut voor de Tropen; Teskin. Zutphen Co. Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Onus NA, Pickergill B (2004) Unilateral incompatibility in Capsicum (Solanaceae): occurrence and taxonomic distribution. Ann Bot 94:289–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parameswaran NK, Daramodaran VK, Prabhakaran PV (1984) Factors influencing yield in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Indian Cashew J 16:15–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Patnaik HP, Das MS, Panda JM (1985) Studies on fruit set and fruit drop in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) under Orissa conditions. Cashew Causerie 7:7–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai PKT, Pillai GB (1975) Note on the shedding of immature fruits in cashew. Indian J Agric Sci 45:233–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao VNM (1956) Multiply the better yielding cashew nut. Indian Farming (India) 6(3):19–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao VNM, Hassan MV (1957) Preliminary studies on the floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Indian J Agric Sci (India) 27:277–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankaranarayanah R, Ahmadshah H, Sambandamoorthy S (1996) Hybridization in cashew. Cashew J 10(3):18–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapkal BB, Hulamani NC, Nalwadi UG (1994) Flowering and sex ratio in some cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) selections. Cashew 8:7–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanwo JO (1974) Gerplasm collections. 1973/74 Annual Report of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, pp 100–110

  • Sedgley M, Attanayake DPSTG (1988) The breeding system of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis): an evaluation of controlled hand pollination methods. Euphytica 39:83–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedgley M, Griffin AR (1989) Sexual reproduction of tree crop. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedgley M (1994) Self-incompatibility in woody horticultural species. In: Williams EG, Clarke AE, Knox RB (eds) Genetic control of self-incompatibility and reproductive development in flowering plants. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 141–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Shomari SH (1988) A review on cashew research in Tanzania. In: Tanzania Agricultural Research Masterplan Conference, Arusha, Agricultural Research Institute, Naliendele, Tanzania

  • Stephenson AG (1981) Flower and fruiting abortion: promixate causes and ultimate functions. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 12:253–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subbaiah CC (1983) Fruiting and abscission patterns in cashew. J Agric Sci (Cambridge) 100:423–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Thimmaraju KR, Reddy MAN, Reddy BGS, Sulladmath UV (1980) Studies on the floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Mysore J Agric Sci 14:490–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson KF, Taylor JB (1966) The breakdown of self-incompatibility in cultivars of Brassica oleracea. Heredity 21(4):637–648

    Google Scholar 

  • Topper CP, Calidari PDS, Camara M, Diaora S, Djaha A, Coulibay F, Asante AK, Boamah A, Ayodele EA, Adebola PO (2001) West African regional cashew survey covering Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Cote d’Ivore, Ghana and Nigeria. Sustainable Tree Crop Programme (STCP) Report No. BHA-01109. Biohybrids Agrisystem Ltd. P. O. Box 2411, Earley, Reading RG6 5FY, UK

  • Westergaard PW, Kayumbo HY (1970) The Cashew nut industry in Tanzania. Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salam (Tanzania), p 104

  • Wiersma PA (2003) Reproductive barriers in tree fruit crops and nuts. Proceedings of xxvi Internation Horticultural Congress: genetics and Breeding of Tree Fruit and Nuts. Acta Hortic 622:369–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunnachit W, Pattison SJ, Giles L, Millington AJ, Sedgley M (1992) Pollen tube growth and genotype compatibility in cashew in relation to yield. J Hortic Sci 67:67–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunnachit W, Sedgley M (1992) Floral structure and Phenology of cashew in relation to yield. J Hortic Sci 67:769–777

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The author acknowledges the technical support of Messrs. S. O. Odeleye and Taiye Ojeyemi of Plant Breeding Group on the hand-pollination and Executive Director of the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan for permission to publish the work. The author appreciates the anonymous reviewers as their suggestions improved the presentation of this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cytogenetics and Genome Analysis, Institute for Plant Genetic Research and Cultivated Crops (IPK), Correnstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany

    Olawale Mashood Aliyu

  2. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P M B 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Olawale Mashood Aliyu

Authors
  1. Olawale Mashood Aliyu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olawale Mashood Aliyu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Aliyu, O.M. Compatibility and fruit-set in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Euphytica 160, 25–33 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9517-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9517-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation