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Does trade openness increase CO2 emissions in Africa? A revaluation using the composite index of Squalli and Wilson

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to provide new evidence on the relationship between trade openness and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Africa. Based on recent data and an uncommon and more informative composite indicator of trade openness proposed by Squalli and Wilson, we use an augmented Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model. The empirical evidence using the Two-Stage Least Square estimation (2SLS) validates the “pollution haven” hypothesis and shows that trade openness increases CO2 emissions in Africa. However, the elasticity varies greatly depending on the different measures of trade openness used. Moreover, we find that trade openness is associated with an increase in CO2 emissions in North Africa, South Africa and West Africa, but rather has a negative effect on CO2 emissions in East Africa and in Central Africa. Furthermore, the quantile regression approach shows that the effect of trade openness is increasing on the 10th, 25th, 50th, and 75th quintiles, but decreasing at the 90th quintile, thus highlighting the "scale effect". The results obtained are robust even when using other indicators of environmental quality. The findings suggest that it is important to have a real measure of the level of trade openness of countries, which will allow African leaders in particular to take appropriate measures to strengthen barriers to the entry of technologies and polluting materials, and invest more in green technologies.

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Notes

  1. This refers to the measure of trade openness commonly used in the literature which is equal to the sum of a country's imports and exports relative to its GDP.

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  1. Faculty of Economics, University of Yaoundé II, PO.BOX.1365, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Dieudonné Mignamissi, Eric Xaverie Possi Tebeng & Arnold Dilane Momou Tchinda

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  1. Dieudonné Mignamissi
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DM: conceptualization, supervision, methodology, writing-original draft. EPT: methodology, data Curation, investigation, software, writing-original draft. ADMT: investigation, validation, visualization, writing-original draft.

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Correspondence to Eric Xaverie Possi Tebeng.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Table 13, 14, 15, 16

Table 13 Descriptive statistics and sources of data
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Table 14 Various tests carried out to address the problems that may remain in the panel
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Table 15 Correlation matrix
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Table 16 Ranking of African countries according to the level of trade openness (Trade Share VS Composite Trade Share)
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Mignamissi, D., Possi Tebeng, E.X. & Momou Tchinda, A.D. Does trade openness increase CO2 emissions in Africa? A revaluation using the composite index of Squalli and Wilson. Environ Syst Decis (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-023-09962-7

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