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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Trade openness and CO2 emanations: a heterogeneous analysis on the developing eight (D8) countries

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This article was retracted on 14 March 2024

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Abstract

The focus of this exploration was to examine the linkage between trade openness and CO2 effusions in the developing eight (D8) countries. An unbalanced panel dataset spanning the period 1990 to 2016 was employed for the study’s analysis. From the results, the studied panel was heterogeneous and cross-sectionally correlated. Also, all the series gained stationarity after first difference and were materially cointegrated in the long run. The elastic effects of the input variables on the output variable were explored through the DCCEMG estimator, with the support of the AMG and the CCEMG estimators. From the results, trade openness increased CO2 emanations in the D8. Also, economic growth, energy consumption, and financial development promoted CO2 secretions in the nations; however, foreign direct investments mitigated the excretion of CO2 in the countries. On the causal connections amid the series, there was a bidirectional causality between trade openness and CO2 emanations. Also, a one-way causal movement from energy consumption, foreign direct investments, and financial development to CO2 effluents was discovered. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that effective trade policies that could enhance the transfer of cleaner technologies to the countries should be formulated.

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Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Change history

Abbreviations

TO:

Trade openness

GDP:

Economic growth

EC:

Energy consumption

FDI:

Foreign direct investments

FD:

Financial development

CO2 emissions:

Carbon emissions

D8:

Developing eight

DCCEMG:

Dynamic common correlated effects mean group

AMG:

Augmented mean group

CCEMG:

Common correlated effects mean

CD:

Cross-sectional dependence

XADF:

Cross-sectionally augmented Dickey-Fuller

CIPS:

Cross-sectional Im, Pesaran and Shin

GMM:

Generalized method of moment

TSLS:

Two-staged least squares

NICs:

Newly industrialized countries

EU:

European Union

SSA:

Sub-Saharan Africa

UAE:

United Arab Emirates

VIF:

Variance inflation factor

RMSE:

Root mean square error

CIS:

Commonwealth of Independent States

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Funding

This study was funded by the Nature Fund 2020 (Project Approval Number: 71973054).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

    Mohammed Musah, Yusheng Kong, Kaodui Li, Stephen Kwadwo Antwi & Mary Donkor

  2. Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IASA), School of Mathematics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China

    Isaac Adjei Mensah

  3. Institute of Business Research and CFVG Ho Chi Minh City, University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Xuan Vinh Vo

  4. Department of Accounting and Accounting Information Systems, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana

    Jonas Bawuah

  5. Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini

    Joseph Kwasi Agyemang

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  1. Mohammed Musah
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Contributions

MM conceptualized and wrote the final manuscript. YK supervised the study. IAM analyzed the data and aided in discussions. KL aided in analysis and discussions. XVV helped in analysis and discussions. JB contributed data and helped in analysis and discussions. JKA aided in drafting the original manuscript. SKA helped in analysis and discussions. MD contributed data and helped in analysis and discussions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mohammed Musah.

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Musah, M., Kong, Y., Mensah, I.A. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Trade openness and CO2 emanations: a heterogeneous analysis on the developing eight (D8) countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 44200–44215 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13816-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13816-7

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