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Unlocking the potential of magnetic biochar in wastewater purification: a review on the removal of bisphenol A from aqueous solution

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Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an essential and extensively utilized chemical compound with significant environmental and public health risks. This review critically assesses the current water purification techniques for BPA removal, emphasizing the efficacy of adsorption technology. Within this context, we probe into the synthesis of magnetic biochar (MBC) using co-precipitation, hydrothermal carbonization, mechanical ball milling, and impregnation pyrolysis as widely applied techniques. Our analysis scrutinizes the strengths and drawbacks of these techniques, with pyrolytic temperature emerging as a critical variable influencing the physicochemical properties and performance of MBC. We explored various modification techniques including oxidation, acid and alkaline modifications, element doping, surface functional modification, nanomaterial loading, and biological alteration, to overcome the drawbacks of pristine MBC, which typically exhibits reduced adsorption performance due to its magnetic medium. These modifications enhance the physicochemical properties of MBC, enabling it to efficiently adsorb contaminants from water. MBC is efficient in the removal of BPA from water. Magnetite and maghemite iron oxides are commonly used in MBC production, with MBC demonstrating effective BPA removal fitting well with Freundlich and Langmuir models. Notably, the pseudo-second-order model accurately describes BPA removal kinetics. Key adsorption mechanisms include pore filling, electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and electron transfer surface interactions. This review provides valuable insights into BPA removal from water using MBC and suggests future research directions for real-world water purification applications.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ION2) and the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, and the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Kwara State University, Malete, via Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETF/UNIV/KWASU/ASTD/2019).

Funding

This work was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), under FRGS with Grant Number (FRGS/1/2023/STG07/UPM/02/8) and FRGS/1/2019/TK10/UPM/02.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Kamil Kayode Katibi & Khairul Faezah Md. Yunos

  2. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, 23431, Nigeria

    Kamil Kayode Katibi & Kehinde Raheef Adebayo

  3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa, Jigawa, Nigeria

    Ibrahim Garba Shitu & Suleiman Bashir Adamu

  4. Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory (MSCL), Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Rabaah Syahidah Azis

  5. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Kamil Kayode Katibi, Ibrahim Garba Shitu, Rabaah Syahidah Azis & Suleiman Bashir Adamu

  6. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria

    Raphael Terungwa Iwar

  7. Department of Agricultural and Bioenvironmental Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Mubi, 650221, Nigeria

    Abba Mohammed Umar

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  1. Kamil Kayode Katibi
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  8. Kehinde Raheef Adebayo
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Contributions

Kamil Kayode Katibi and Khairul Faezah Yunos: conceptualization, methodology, software, ‎writing—original draft preparation. Rabaah Syahidah Azis, Abba Mohammed Umar and ‎Kehinde Raheef Adebayo: visualization, validation. Kamil Kayode Katibi, Khairul Faezah ‎Yunos, and Ibrahim Garba Shitu: writing—reviewing and editing. Raphael Terungwa Iwar and ‎Adamu Suleiman Bashir: supervision, funding acquisition.‎

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Correspondence to Kamil Kayode Katibi or Rabaah Syahidah Azis.

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Katibi, K.K., Shitu, I.G., Yunos, K.F.M. et al. Unlocking the potential of magnetic biochar in wastewater purification: a review on the removal of bisphenol A from aqueous solution. Environ Monit Assess 196, 492 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12574-6

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