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Assessing land use changes’ effect on river water quality in the Dez Basin using land change modeler

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Abstract

Changes in land use due to urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture will adversely affect water quality at all scales. This study examined the possible effects of future land use on the water quality of the Dez River located in Iran. The QUAL2Kw dynamic model was used to simulate the water quality of the Dez River. Data and information available in July 2019 and 2013 were used for calibration and validation. According to the comparison of the RMSE, RMSE%, and percent bias error indices for the model during the calibration and validation period, the QUAL2Kw model of Dez River had high accuracy with acceptable values of errors. The land use changes in the Dez river basin were modeled and predicted by the LCM model after simulating water quality. The images from Landsat 8/OLI were used for 2013, 2016, and 2019, respectively. Based on the accurate evaluation of classified images, Kappa coefficients for 2013, 2016, and 2019 were 88.19, 87.46, and 89.91, respectively. Modeling land use and land cover changes was conducted to predict 2030. As a result of the study, agricultural and built-up areas and water bodies will increase in 2030. The possible effects of land use changes in 2030 on river water quality were examined as a final step. Based on the results of the water quality simulation in 2030, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and NO3 parameters exceeded the maximum permissible level of drinking standard. This study recommends frequent water quality monitoring and LULC planning and management to reduce pollution in river basins.

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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Goodarzi

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Water Resources Management Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

    Amir Reza R. Niknam

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    S. Hoda Rahmati

  4. Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Cesare Battisti, Padua, 35121, Italy

    Nasrin Fathollahzadeh Attar

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  1. Mohammad Reza Goodarzi
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  3. S. Hoda Rahmati
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  4. Nasrin Fathollahzadeh Attar
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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Mohammad Reza Goodarzi, Amir Reza R. Niknam, and S.Hoda Rahmati. Also, analysis and modeling were performed by all authors. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Amir Reza R. Niknam and Nasrin Fathollahzadeh Attar, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Goodarzi, M.R., Niknam, A.R.R., Rahmati, S.H. et al. Assessing land use changes’ effect on river water quality in the Dez Basin using land change modeler. Environ Monit Assess 195, 774 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11265-y

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