Abstract
The use of pesticides has been increasing due to the great agricultural production worldwide. The pesticides are used to eradicate pests and weeds; however, these compounds are classified as toxic to non-target organisms. Atrazine and diuron are herbicides widely used to control grassy and broadleaf weeds and weed control in agricultural crops and non-crop areas. Heavy metals are also important environmental contaminants that affect the ecological system. This study aimed to investigate the presence of herbicides-degrading genes and heavy metal resistance genes in bacterial isolates from two different soil samples from two Brazilian regions and to determine the genetic location of these genes. In this study, two isolates were obtained and identified as Escherichia fergusonii and Bacillus sp. Both isolates presented atzA, atzB, atzC, atzD, atzE, atzF, puhA, and copA genes and two plasmids each, being the major with ~ 60 Kb and a smaller with ~ 3.2 Kb. Both isolates presented the atzA-F genes inside the larger plasmid, while the puhA and copA genes were detected in the smaller plasmid. Digestion reactions were performed and showed that the ~ 60-Kb plasmid presented the same restriction profile using different restriction enzymes, suggesting that this plasmid harboring the complete degradation pathway to atrazine was found in both isolates. These results suggest the dispersion of these plasmids and the multi-herbicide degradation potential in both isolates to atrazine and diuron, which are widely used in different culture types worldwide.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for fellowships (88882.180855/2018-01 and 88882.180868/2018-01).
Funding
This work was financially supported by São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP (grant no. 2015/18990-2).
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Moretto, J.A.S., Braz, V.S., Furlan, J.P.R. et al. Plasmids associated with heavy metal resistance and herbicide degradation potential in bacterial isolates obtained from two Brazilian regions. Environ Monit Assess 191, 314 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7461-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7461-9