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Recent developments in polyfluoroalkyl compounds research: a focus on human/environmental health impact, suggested substitutes and removal strategies

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Abstract

Between the late 1940s and early 1950s, humans manufactured polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) using electrochemical fluorination and telomerisation technologies, whereby hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atoms, thus conferring unnatural and unique physicochemical properties to these compounds. Presently, there are wide ranges of PFCs, and owing to their bioaccumulative properties, they have been detected in various environmental matrices and in human sera. It has thus been suggested that they are hazardous. Hence, this review aims at highlighting the recent development in PFC research, with a particular focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the most studied and predominantly found PFCs in various environmental matrices, although recent reports have included perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), which was previously regarded as innocuously harmless, when compared to its counterparts, PFOA and PFOS. As such, proper investigations are thus required for a better understanding of short-chain PFC substitutes, which have been suggested as suitable replacements to long-chained PFCs, although these substitutes have also been suggested to pose various health risks comparable to those associated with long-chain PFCs. Similarly, several novel technologies, such as PFC reduction using zero-valent iron, including removal at point of use, adsorption and coagulation, have been proposed. However, regardless of how efficient removers some of these techniques have proven to be, short-chain PFCs remain a challenge to overcome for scientists, in this regard.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the funding assistance from the National Research Foundation (NRF).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa

    John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi, Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe, Lukhanyo Mekuto & Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo

  2. Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa

    Tandi Matsha

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  1. John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi
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  2. Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
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  3. Tandi Matsha
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  4. Lukhanyo Mekuto
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  5. Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo
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Correspondence to John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi.

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Mudumbi, J.B.N., Ntwampe, S.K.O., Matsha, T. et al. Recent developments in polyfluoroalkyl compounds research: a focus on human/environmental health impact, suggested substitutes and removal strategies. Environ Monit Assess 189, 402 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6084-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6084-2

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