Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Determination of selected steroid hormones in some surface water around animal farms in Cape Town using HPLC-DAD

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, a method for the simultaneous determination of two steroid hormones, 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), and a hormone mimicking polycarbonate, bisphenol-A (BPA), was developed and validated. This was thereafter used for the determination of the levels of the hormones in surface water collected around some livestock farms. The sensitivity of the method allowed the LODs and LOQs of the hormones and mimic hormone in the range 1.14–2.510 and 3.42–7.53 μg/L, respectively. The results revealed wide variability in the concentrations of E2 and E3, while BPA was not detected at any of the sampling stations. The concentration of E3 ranged between <1.14 and 45.5 μg/L (N = 120) in station 2 water. The highest concentration of E2 (15.7 μg/L, N = 80) was observed in water from station 1. The varied concentrations may be connected with the nature and sources of release, inconsistencies in analyte distribution due to dynamics of water flow pattern and the physical/chemical properties of the receiving water bodies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aneck-Hahn, N. H., de Jager, C., Bornman, M. S., & du Toit (D. (2005). Oestrogenic activity using a recombinant yeast screen assay (RCBA) in South African laboratory water sources. Water SA, 31(2), 253–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aneck-Hahn, N. H., Schulenburg, G. W., Bornman, M. S., Farias, P., & De Jager, C. (2007). Impaired semen quality associated with environmental DDT exposure in young men living in a malaria area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of Andrology, 28, 423–434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aneck-Hahn, N. H., Bornman, M. S., & de Jager, C. (2008). Preliminary assessment of oestrogenic activity in water sources in Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa. Article in African Journal of Aquatic Science, 33(3), 249–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aneck-Hahn, N. H., Bornman, M. S., & de Jager, C. (2009). Oestrogenic activity in drinking waters from a rural area in the Waterberg District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water SA, 35(3), 245–251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arditsoglou, A., & Voutsa, D. (2008). Determination of phenolic and steroid endocrine disrupting compounds in environmental matrices. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 15(3), 228–236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aufartova, J., Mahugo-Santana, C., Sosa-Ferrera, Z., Santana-Rodriguez, J. J., Novakova, L., & Solich, P. (2011). Determination of steroid hormones in biological and environmental samples using green microextraction techniques: an overview. Analytica Chimica Acta, 701, 33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borjesson, S. (2009). Antibiotic resistance in water: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antibiotics resistance genes. A dissertation (No 1128) submitted to the Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, SE-581 85 Linkoping Sweden.

  • Boxall, A. B. A., Fogg, L. A., Kay, P., Blackwell, P. A., Pemberton, E. J., & Croxford, A. (2003a). Prioritisation of veterinary medicines in the UK environment. Toxicology Letters, 142, 399–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boxall, A. B. A., Kolpin, D. W., Halling-Sorensen, B., & Tolls, J. (2003b). Are veterinary medicines causing environmental risks? Environmental Science & Technology, 37, 286A–294A.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buser, H. R., Poiger, T., & Muller, M. D. (1999). Occurrence and environmental behavior of the chiral pharmaceutical drug ibuprofen in surface waters and in wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(15), 2529–2535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caminada, D., Escher, C., & Fent, K. (2006). Cytotoxicity of pharmaceuticals found in aquatic systems: Comparison of PLHC-1 and RTG-2 fish cell lines. Aquatic Toxicology, 79, 114–123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daughton, C. G. (2001). Emerging pollutants and communicating the science of environmental chemistry and mass spectrometry: Pharm. Environ. , 12(10):1067–1076.

  • Daughton, C. G., & Ternes, T. A. (1999). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change? Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(6), 907–938.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Cruz, M. S., Alda, M. J. L., & Barcelo, D. (2003). Environmental behaviour and analysis of veterinary and human drugs in soil, sediments and sludge. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22, 340–351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Cruz, M. S., García-Galán, M. J., Guerra, P., Jelic, A., Postigo, C., Eljarrat, E., Farré, M., López de Alda, M. J., Petrovic, M., Petrovic, M., & Barceló, D. (2009). Analysis of selected emerging contaminants in sewage sludge. Trend in Analytical Chemistry, 28, 1263–1275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) (2016). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment chapter R.7b: endpoint specific guidance. Reference: ECHA-16-G-02-EN ISBN: 978-92-9247-774-5 Publication date: February 2016 Language: EN © European Chemicals Agency, 2016. Accessed from https://comments.echa.europa.eu/comments_cms/FeedbackGuidance.aspx.

  • Goel, V. K., Lazar, A. J., Warneke, C. L., Redston, M. S., & Haluska, F. G. (2006). Examination of mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and PTEN in primary cutaneous melanoma. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 126, 154–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halling-Sorensen, B., Sengelov, G., & Tjornelund, J. (2002). Toxicity of tetracyclines and tetracycline degradation products to environmentally relevant bacteria, including selected tetracycline-resistant bacteria. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 42, 263–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heberer, T., Reddersen, K., & Mechlinski, A. (2002). From municipal sewage to drinking water: fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment in urban areas. Water Science and Technology, 46(3), 81–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafari, A. J., Pourkabireh, A. R., & Salehzadeh, A. (2009). Endocrine disrupting contaminants in water resources and sewage in Hamadan City of Iran. Iran Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 6(2), 89–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jobling, S., & Sumpter, J. P. (1993). Detergent components in sewage effluent are weakly oestrogenic to fish: an in vitro study using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus my kiss) hepatocytes. Aquatic Toxicology, 27, 361–372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B., & Buxton, H. T. (2002). Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(6), 1202–1211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kummerer, K. (2010). Pharmaceutical in the environment. Annual Review Environmental and Resources, 35(1), 57–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahomed, S. I., Voyi, K. V. V., Aneck-Hahn, N. H., de Jager, C. (2008). Oestrogenicity and chemical target analysis of water from small-sized industries in Pretoria, South Africa. Available on website http://www.wrc.org.za ISSN 0378-4738 = Water SA Vol. 34 No. 3: 357–363.

  • Pojona, G., Gomiero, A., Lookers, N., & Marcomini, A. (2007). Natural and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCS) in water, sediments and biota of a coastal lagoon. Environmental Internatational, 33(7), 929–936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roig, B., Touraud, E., (Eds) 2010. Pharmaceuticals in the environment; current knowledge and need for assessment to reduce impact. IWA Publishing, Alliance House, LONDON sw1h 0Qs, UK.

  • Sagar, S. S., Chavan, R. P., Patil, C. L., Shinde, D. N., & Kekane, S. S. (2015). Physico-chemical parameters for testing of water—a review. International Journal of Chemical Study, 3(4), 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • SCC, (Stockholm Country Council) (2009). Environmentally classified pharmaceuticals. Stockholm Country Council’s Environmental Initiative. Accessed from: www.janusinfo.se/environment on 25th August, 2015.

  • Swart, N., & Pool, E. (2007). Rapid detection of selected steroid hormones from sewage effluents using an ELISA in the Kuils River water catchment area, South Africa. Journal of Immunoassay & Immunochemistry, 28(4), 395–408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ternes, T. A. (1998). Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers. Wat. Res., 32(11), 3245–3260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenberg, L. N., Colborn, T., Hayes, T. B., Heindel, J. J., Jacobs Jr., D. R., Duk-Hee, L., Shioda, T., Soto, A. M., vom Saal, F. S., Welshons, W. V., Zoeller, R. T., & John Myers, P. (2012). Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses. Endocrine Reviews, 33(3), 378–455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vega-Morales, T., Sosa-Ferrera, Z., & Santana-Rodríguez, J. J. (2013). Evaluation of the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds in dissolved and solid wastewater treatment plant samples of gran Canaria Island (Spain). BioMed Research International, 790570, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waring, R. H., & Harris, R. M. (2005). Endocrine disrupters: a human risk? Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 244(1–2), 2–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wieben, C.M., Baker, R.J., & Nicholson, R.S. (2013). Nutrient concentrations in surface water and groundwater, and nitrate source identification using stable isotope analysis, in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 2010–11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5287, 44 p.

  • Wilga, J., Kot-Wasik, A., & Namiesnik, J. (2008). Studies of human and veterinary drugs’ fate in environmental solid samples—analytical problems. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 46, 601–608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa

    Olatunde S. Olatunji, Olalekan S. Fatoki, Beatrice O. Opeolu, Bhekumusa J. Ximba & Rumbidzai Chitongo

Authors
  1. Olatunde S. Olatunji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Olalekan S. Fatoki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Beatrice O. Opeolu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bhekumusa J. Ximba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rumbidzai Chitongo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olatunde S. Olatunji.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Olatunji, O.S., Fatoki, O.S., Opeolu, B.O. et al. Determination of selected steroid hormones in some surface water around animal farms in Cape Town using HPLC-DAD. Environ Monit Assess 189, 363 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6070-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6070-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation