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Effects of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on Artemia salina: assessment of nanoparticle aggregation, accumulation, and toxicity

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Abstract

Aquatic stability and impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs, 10–30 nm) were investigated using Artemia salina. Acute exposure was conducted on nauplii (larvae) and adults in seawater in a concentration range from 10 to 100 mg/L TiO2 NPs for 24 and 96 h. Rapid aggregation occurred in all suspensions of TiO2 NPs to form micrometer size particles. Yet, both nauplii and adults accumulated the aggregates significantly. Average TiO2 content in nauplii ranged from 0.47 to 3.19 and from 1.29 to 4.43 mg/g in 24 and 96 h, respectively. Accumulation in adults was higher ranging from 2.30 to 4.19 and from 4.38 to 6.20 mg/g in 24 and 96 h, respectively. Phase contrast microscopy images revealed that Artemia were unable to excrete the particles. Thus, the TiO2 aggregates filled inside the guts. No significant mortality or toxicity occurred within 24 h at any dose. Lipid peroxidation levels characterized with malondialdehyde concentrations were not statistically different from those of the controls (p > 0.05). These results suggested that suspensions of the TiO2 NPs were nontoxic to Artemia, most likely due to the formation of benign TiO2 aggregates in water. In contrast, both mortality and lipid peroxidation increased in extended exposure to 96 h. Highest mortality occurred in 100 mg/L TiO2 NP suspensions; 18 % for nauplii and 14 % for adults (LC50 > 100 mg/L). These effects were attributed to the particle loading inside the guts leading to oxidative stress as a result of impaired food uptake for a long period of time.

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Acknowledgments

This project is funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) Program (Grant No: G12RR013459) and the US Department of Defense (DOD) through the Engineer, Research and Development Center (Vicksburg, MS, USA); (contract #W912HZ-10-2-0045). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies, and any of their sub-agencies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, PO Box 17910, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA

    Mehmet Ates, James Daniels & Zikri Arslan

  2. Department of Biology, Jackson State University, PO Box 18540, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA

    Ibrahim O. Farah

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  1. Mehmet Ates
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  2. James Daniels
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  4. Ibrahim O. Farah
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Correspondence to Zikri Arslan.

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Ates, M., Daniels, J., Arslan, Z. et al. Effects of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on Artemia salina: assessment of nanoparticle aggregation, accumulation, and toxicity. Environ Monit Assess 185, 3339–3348 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2794-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2794-7

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