Skip to main content
Log in

The effects of sequential combinations of virtual experience, direct experience, and indirect experience: the moderating roles of need for touch and product involvement

  • Published:
Electronic Commerce Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study explored the effects of sequential combinations of consumer experiences. Four kinds of sequential combinations of consumer experiences were designed: exposing to escapist virtual experience preceding direct experience (VEescapist → DE), exposing to education virtual experience preceding direct experience (VEeducation → DE), exposing to escapist virtual experience preceding indirect experience (VEescapist → IDE), and exposing to education virtual experience preceding indirect experience (VEeducation → IDE). The results indicated that “VEescapist → IDE” produces the highest product knowledge and brand attitude; “VEescapist → DE” produces the lowest perceived risk. Additionally, the moderating roles of need for touch and product involvement also explored. For the high need for touch, “VEescapist → IDE” produces the highest product knowledge and “VEescapist → DE” produces the lowest perceived risk; for the high product involvement, “VEescapist → IDE” produces the highest product knowledge and brand attitude and “VEescapist → DE” produces the lowest perceived risk.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agarwal, R., & Karahanna, E. (2000). Time flies when you’re having fun. Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 24(4), 665–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ariely, D. (2000). Controlling the information flow: effects on consumers’ decision making and preferences. Journal of Consumer Research, 27(2), 233–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Barnes, S., & Mattsson, J. (2008). Brand value in virtual worlds: an axiological approach. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9(3), 195–206.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bauer, R. A. (1960). Consumer behaviour as risk taking. In R. S. Hancock (Ed.), Proceedings of the 43rd conference of the American Marketing Association (pp. 389–398). Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bourlakis, M., Papagiannidis, S., & Li, F. (2009). Retail spatial evolution: paving the way from traditional to metaverse retailing. Electronic Commerce Research, 9(1–2), 135–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cagnina, M. R., & Poian, M. (2009). Beyond e-business models: the road to virtual worlds. Electronic Commerce Research, 9(1–2), 49–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Campbell, D. E., & Wright, R. T. (2008). Shut-up I don’t care: understanding the role of relevance and interactivity on customer attitudes toward repetitive online adverting. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9(1), 62–76.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Campbell, D. E., Wright, R. T., & Clay, P. F. (2010). Deconstructing and operationalizing interactivity: an online advertising perspective. Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application, 14(4), 29–53.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Celsi, R. L., & Olson, J. C. (1988). The role of involvement in attention and comprehension processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 210–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen, Q., Chen, H. M., & Kazman, R. (2007). Investigating antecedents of technology acceptance of initial eCRM users beyond generation X and the role of self-construal. Electronic Commerce Research, 7(3–4), 315–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cheng, J. M. S., Blankson, C., Wang, E. S. T., & Chen, L. S. L. (2009). Consumer attitudes and interactive digital advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 28(3), 501–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1975). Play and intrinsic rewards. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15(3), 41–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1998). Finding flow: the psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cunningham, L. F., Gerlach, J., & Harper, M. D. (2005). Perceived risk and e-banking services: an analysis from the perspective of the consumer. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 10(2), 165–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Daugherty, T., Li, H., & Biocca, F. (2008). Consumer learning and the effects of virtual experience relative to indirect and direct product experience. Psychology & Marketing, 25(7), 568–586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dennis, A. R. (1996). Information exchange and use in group decision making: you can lead a group to information, but you can’t make it think. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 24(4), 433–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ducoffe, R. H. (1996). Advertising value and advertising on the Web. Journal of Advertising Research, 36(5), 21–35.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Eggert, A. (2006). Intangibility and perceived risk in online environments. Journal of Marketing Management, 22(5/6), 553–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Fiore, A. M., Lee, S. E., & Kunz, G. (2003). Psychographic variables affecting willingness to use body-scanning. Journal of Business and Management, 9(3), 271–287.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ghani, J. A., & Deshpande, S. P. (1994). Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human-computer interaction. The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Goel, L., & Prokopec, S. (2009). If you build it will they come?—An empirical investigation of consumer perceptions and strategy in virtual worlds. Electronic Commerce Research, 9(1–2), 115–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Goldsmith, R. E., & Emmert, J. (1991). Measuring product category involvement: a multitrait-multimethod study. Journal of Business Research, 23(4), 363–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Greenwald, A. G., & Leavitt, C. (1984). Audience involvement in advertising: four levels. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(1), 581–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Griffith, D. A., & Chen, Q. (2004). The influence of virtual direct experience (VDE) on on-line ad message effectiveness. Journal of Advertising, 33(1), 55–68.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Guo, Y., & Barnes, S. (2009). Virtual item purchase behavior in virtual worlds: an exploratory investigation. Electronic Commerce Research, 9(1-2), 77–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hamilton, R. W., & Thompson, D. V. (2007). Is there a substitute for direct experience? Comparing consumers’ preferences after direct and indirect product experiences. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(4), 546–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Häubl, G., & Trifts, V. (2000). Consumer decision making in online shopping environments: the effects of interactive decision aids. Marketing Science, 19(1), 4–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Higie, R. A., & Feick, L. F. (1989). Enduring involvement: Conceptual and measurement issues. In T. Srull (Ed.), Advance in consumer research (pp. 690–696). Provo: Association for Consumer Research.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ho, L. A., & Kua, T. H. (2010). How can on amplify the effect of e-learning? An examination of high-tech employees’ computer attitude and flow experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(1), 23–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hoch, S. J., & Ha, Y. W. (1986). Consumer learning: advertising and the ambiguity of product experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(2), 221–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1997). A new marketing paradigm for electronic commerce. The Information Society, 13(1), 43–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 132–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. ITIS, Industry & Technology Intelligence Service (2009). IT services industry yearbook 2009. Taipei: Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kaplan, L. B., Szybillo, G. J., & Jacoby, J. (1974). Components of perceived risk in product purchase: a cross-validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(3), 287–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Keng, C. J., & Lin, H. Y. (2006). Impact of telepresence levels on internet advertising effects. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(1), 82–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kim, T., & Biocca, F. (1997). Telepresence via television: two dimensions of telepresence may have different connections to memory and persuasion. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2). Available at http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/kim.html. Accessed 18 Dec 2011.

  38. Klein, L. R. (2003). Creating virtual product experiences: the role of telepresence. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 7(1), 41–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ko, H., Cho, C. H., & Roberts, M. S. (2005). Internet uses and gratifications: a structural equation model of interactive advertising. Journal of Marketing, 34(2), 57–70.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Koh, W. T. H. (2005). Household demand, network externality effects and intertemporal price discrimination. Journal of Economics, 84(1), 49–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kwon, O., & Wen, Y. (2010). An empirical study of the factors affecting social network service use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 254–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Li, H., Daugherty, T., & Biocca, F. (2001). Characteristics of virtual experience in electronic commerce: A protocol analysis. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 15(3), 13–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Li, H., Daugherty, T., & Biocca, F. (2002). Impact of 3-D advertising on product knowledge, brand attitude, and purchase intention: the mediating role of presence. Journal of Advertising, 31(3), 43–59.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Li, H., Daugherty, T., & Biocca, F. (2003). The role of virtual experience in consumer learning. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(4), 395–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Liu, Y., & Shrum, L. J. (2002). What is interactivity and is it always such a good thing? Implications of definition, person, and situation for the influence of interactivity on advertising effectiveness. Journal of Advertising, 31(4), 53–65.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. (1997). At the heart of it all: the concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 32(2). Available at http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/lombard.html. Accessed 18 Dec 2011.

  47. Lu, H. P., Hsu, C. L., & Hsu, H. Y. (2005). An empirical study of the effect of perceived risk upon intention to use online applications. Information Management & Computer Security, 13(2), 106–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Lundh, L. G. (1979). Introspection, consciousness, and human information processing. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 20, 223–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Mackenzie, K., Buckby, S., & Irvine, H. (2009). A framework for evaluating business lead users’ virtual reality innovations in Second Life. Electronic Commerce Research, 9(3), 183–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Martin, B. A. S., Gnoth, J., & Strong, C. (2009). Temporal construal in advertising: the moderating role of temporal orientation and attribute importance in consumer evaluations. Journal of Advertising, 38(3), 5–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Mathur, D. C. (1971). Naturalistic philosophies of experience. St. Louis: Warren H. Green, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Mathwick, C., & Rigdon, E. (2004). Play, flow, and the online search experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 324–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Nah, F. F. H., Eschenbrenner, B., & DeWester, D. (2011). Enhancing brand equality through flow and telepresence: a comparison of 2D and 3D virtual Worlds. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 35(3), 731–747.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Nathan, R. J., & Yeow, P. H. P. (2011). Crucial web usability factors of 36 industries for students: a large-scale empirical study. Electronic Commerce Research, 11(2), 151–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Neese, W. T., & Taylor, R. D. (1994). Verbal strategies for indirect comparative advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 34(2), 56–69.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Nelson, M. R., Yaros, R. A., & Keum, H. (2006). Examining the influence of telepresence on spectator and player processing of real and fictitious brands in a computer game. Journal of Advertising, 35(4), 87–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Nelson, P. (1974). Advertising as information. Journal of Political Economy, 82(4), 729–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Nelson, P. (1975). The economic consequences of advertising. Journal of Business, 48(2), 213–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., & Yung, Y. F. (2000). Measuring the customer experience in online environments: a structural modeling approach. Marketing Science, 19(1), 22–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Ozok, A. A., & Wei, J. (2010). An empirical comparison of consumer usability preferences in online shopping using stationary and mobile devices: results from a college student population. Electronic Commerce Research, 10(2), 113–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Park, J., Lennon, S. J., & Stoel, L. (2005). On-line product presentation: effects on mood, perceived risk, and purchase intention. Psychology & Marketing, 22(9), 695–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Peck, J., & Childers, T. L. (2003). Individual differences in haptic information processing: the need for touch scale. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(3), 430–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Peck, J., & Childers, T. L. (2003). To have and to hold: the influence of haptic information on product judgments. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 35–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Peck, J., & Wiggins, J. (2006). It just feels good: customers’ affective response to touch and its influence on persuasion. Journal of Marketing, 70(4), 56–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: the moderating role of involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10(2), 135–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy: work is theatre and every business a stage. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podskoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Putrevu, S. (2008). Consumer responses toward sexual and nonsexual appeals: the influence of involvement, need for cognition (NFC), and gender. Journal of Advertising, 37(2), 57–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Raman, N. V. (1996). Determinants of desired exposure to interactive advertising. Austin: Austin University of Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Richardson, A. (1984). The experiential dimension of psychology. Queensland: University of Queensland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Roberson, Q. M., Collins, C. J., & Oreg, S. (2005). The effects of recruitment message specificity on applicant attraction to organizations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(3), 319–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Roselius, T. (1971). Consumer rankings of risk reduction methods. Journal of Marketing, 35(1), 56–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Royo-Vela, M., & Casamassima, P. (2011). The influence of belonging to virtual brand communities on consumers’ affective commitment, satisfaction and word-of-mouth advertising: The ZARA case. Online Information Review, 35(4), 517–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Schiffman, H. R. (1990). Sensation and perception: An integrated approach. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Singh, M., Balasubramanian, S. K., & Chakraborty, G. (2000). A comparative analysis of three communication formats: advertising, infomercial, and direct experience. Journal of Advertising, 29(4), 59–76.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Stewart, D. W., & Pavlou, P. A. (2002). From consumer response to active consumer: measuring the effectiveness of interactive media. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(4), 376–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Suh, K. S., & Chang, S. (2006). User interfaces and consumer perceptions of online stores: the role of telepresence. Behaviour & Information Technology, 25(2), 99–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Suh, K. S., & Lee, Y. E. (2005). The effects of virtual reality on consumer learning: an empirical investigation. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 29(4), 673–697.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Suki, N. M., & Suki, N. M. (2007). Online buying innovativeness: effects of perceived value, perceived risk and perceived enjoyment. International Journal of Business and Society, 8(2), 81–93.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Tan, S. J. (1999). Strategies for reducing consumers’ risk aversion in internet shopping. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(2), 163–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Teo, T. S. H. (2002). Attitudes toward online shopping and the Internet. Behaviour & Information Technology, 21(4), 259–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Vaughn, R. (1980). How advertising works: a planning model. Journal of Advertising Research, 20(5), 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Völckner, F., & Sattler, H. (2006). Drivers of brand extension success. Journal of Marketing, 70(2), 18–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Wright, A. A., & Lynch, J. G., Jr. (1995). Communication effects of advertising versus direct experience when both search and experience attributes are present. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(4), 708–718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Yang, K. C. C. (2004). Effects of consumer motives on search behavior using internet advertising. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(4), 430–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1986). Conceptualizing involvement. Journal of Advertising, 15(2), 4–14.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1994). The personal involvement inventory: reduction, revision and application to advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Zhou, N., Zhou, D., & Ouyang, M. (2003). Long-term effects of television advertising on sales of consumer durables and nondurables. Journal of Advertising, 32(2), 45–54.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to the Editor and reviewers for many helpful comments and suggestions. They also would like to thank the National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan for financially supporting this research under contract No. NSC 95-2416-H-027-004.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ching-Jui Keng.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Keng, CJ., Liao, TH. & Yang, YI. The effects of sequential combinations of virtual experience, direct experience, and indirect experience: the moderating roles of need for touch and product involvement. Electron Commer Res 12, 177–199 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-012-9093-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-012-9093-9

Keywords

Navigation