Abstract
The presence of fluoride and nitrate is a serious groundwater quality issue in India impacting human health. In the present study, 14 different hydrochemical parameters for 76 groundwater samples collected from the Jajpur district of Odisha, India, were evaluated. Entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI), fixed-weight groundwater quality index (GWQI), principal component analysis (PCA), and rotated factor loading-based water quality index (PCWQI) were employed to assess groundwater quality. About 65.79 ± 4.68%, 33.55 ± 3.95%, and 0.66 ± 0.76% of the samples were rated as “excellent,” “good,” or “medium” quality, respectively, across the four different water quality indices, with a nominal rating discrepancy of 13.15%. Though 86% of samples consistently received excellent or good ratings across all WQI frameworks, concentrations of F− and NO3− in 36.8% and 11.84% of the samples exceeded the WHO permissible limit. In health risk assessment, about 38.15% of samples surpassed the F− hazard quotient (HQ > 1) posing non-carcinogenic health risks for children. The non-carcinogenic health risks due to NO3− were evident in 55.26% and 11.84% of samples for children and adults, respectively. The higher concentration of NO3− in some of the water samples, together with its positive correlation with HCO3−, may worsen groundwater pollution. The moderate correlation between Ca2+ and HCO3− (r = 0.410) and the insignificant correlation between Mg2+ and HCO3− (r = 0.234) suggests calcite dissolution is far more common than dolomite.
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Data availability
The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The MATLAB scripts for water quality analysis and mapping are made available in Mendeley Data (Digital Commons Data), https://doi.org/10.17632/536ynvxw69.1.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance under the National Uranium Project of BARC, Mumbai No. 36(4)114/19/2014-BRNS/1169-I, from the DAE, BRNS, Government of India, for conducting this research. The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance from Ms. Pema Lhamo in refining the English language of the initial version of this manuscript.
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Funding for this study was received from the National Uranium Project of BARC, Mumbai, DAE, BRNS, Government of India.
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SS was involved in investigation, validation, writing—original draft, and writing—reviewing and editing, BM was responsible for conceptualization, software, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, writing—original draft, and writing—reviewing and editing, PRR assisted with methodology and investigation, SR helped with data curation, formal analysis, and writing—original draft, SKS contributed to supervision, conceptualization, writing—reviewing and editing, and funding acquisition, VNJ took part in supervision, conceptualization, and funding acquisition, and NKS participated in conceptualization, supervision, writing—original draft, writing—reviewing and editing, project administration, and funding acquisition.
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Sabinaya, S., Mahanty, B., Rout, P.R. et al. Multi-model exploration of groundwater quality and potential health risk assessment in Jajpur district, Eastern India. Environ Geochem Health 46, 57 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01855-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01855-1