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Major and trace elements in rice paddy soils in Sri Lanka with special emphasis on regions with endemic chronic kidney disease of undetermined origin

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Abstract

Environmental exposure to trace elements has been widely suspected as an etiological factor for the emergence of chronic kidney disease of undetermined origin (CKDu) that prevails in certain districts of the dry zone areas of Sri Lanka. Contaminated rice can be act as a host for potentially toxic trace elements that ultimately led to health hazards; thus, rice soils were investigated in detail, giving particular attentions to identified CKDu hotspots. A total of 102 rice soil samples were collected from main climatic zones viz. wet and dry zones including CKDu hotspots. In addition to pH, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity, acid extracted major and trace element contents in rice soils were determined by using ICP-MS. Significant differences were observed for Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb contents between climatic zones. Arsenic and Pb contents in soils were lower than the levels reported in soils from other regions of the world, though significantly higher contents were observed in CKDu regions compared to non-endemic wet zone regions. Calculation of enrichment factor revealed that soils in both dry and wet zones were moderately enriched with As, Cd, and Pb, suggesting an influence of anthropogenic processes. Twenty percent of the wet zone samples showed significant enrichment of Ni, Cu, and Zn. Geo-accumulation index assorted that the studied soil samples were uncontaminated to moderately contaminated, implying that rice soils in both climatic zones are not alarmingly contaminated with toxic trace elements. However, regular and continuous monitoring of rice soil quality is extremely important.

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Data availability

The data set used or analyzed during the current study is not publicly available due to the pending postgraduate examination (SB), but are available with the corresponding author upon a reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This research work was conducted with financial support from the National Research Council, Sri Lanka (Grant NRC TO 14-05). Prof. R.B. Mapa is acknowledged for his numerous supports.

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National Research Council, Sri Lanka (Grant NRC TO 14–05).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

    Shyamalie Balasooriya & Rohana Chandrajith

  2. Instrument Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka

    Saranga Diyabalanage

  3. Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka

    Saranga Diyabalanage

  4. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

    Sudharma K. Yatigammana

  5. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

    O. A. Ileperuma

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SB carried out the study, laboratory analyses, data curation, preliminary data interpretation, draft preparation. SD contributed for statistical analyses, data visualization, and draft preparation. OI designed the study edited the manuscript. SKY supervised the project. RC designed the study, acquired funding, and finalized the final version of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the paper.

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Balasooriya, S., Diyabalanage, S., Yatigammana, S.K. et al. Major and trace elements in rice paddy soils in Sri Lanka with special emphasis on regions with endemic chronic kidney disease of undetermined origin. Environ Geochem Health 44, 1841–1855 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01036-4

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