Skip to main content
Log in

Picturebooks in the Primary Grades: Representation and the Stories Shared About Who Belongs in STEM

  • Published:
Early Childhood Education Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study investigates the representation of diversity in STEM picture books for the primary grades. Research suggests that the inclusion or exclusion of various identities contributes to how children view their potential and sense of belonging, which can shape their STEM identity. Children often view books with the lens of understanding what role they can and cannot inhabit based on the characters they see represented within the pages of a book. Results indicated that primary STEM books had an absence of cultural specificity across all categories examined, showing relative invisibility for many groups of individuals. The authors conclude that there needs to be more intentionality related to culturally responsive pedagogy, pairing books with additional research that diversifies the curriculum and stimulates STEM dispositions in students, building bridges between cultures, teaching, and learning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achieve Inc. (2013). Next-generation science standards for states, by states: The standards—Arranged by disciplinary core ideas and by topics (Vol. 1). National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adukia, A., Eble, A., Harrison, E., Runesha, H. B., & Szasz, T. (2021). What we teach about race and gender: Representation in images and text of children’s books (No. w29123). National Bureau of Economic Research.

  • Bintz, W. P. (2011). “Way-in” books encourage exploration in middle grades classrooms. Middle School Journal, 42(3), 34–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, R. S. (1990, March). Windows and mirrors: Children’s books and parallel cultures. In California State University Reading Conference: 14th Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 3–12).

  • Bishop, R. S. (1992). Children’s books in a multicultural world: A view from the USA. Reading Against Racism, 19–38.

  • Bosma, J. (2010, October 7). Picturebooks are no longer a staple for children. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/08/us/08picture.html.

  • Burke, A., & Peterson, S. S. (2007). A multidisciplinary approach to literacy through picturebooks and drama. The English Journal, 96, 74–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/30047299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capobianco, B. M., Diefes-dux, H. A., Mena, I., & Weller, J. (2011). What is an engineer? Implications of elementary school student conceptions for engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 100(2), 304–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, R. L., & Diefes-Dux, H. A. (2012, June). Change in elementary student conceptions of engineering following an intervention as seen from the Draw-an-Engineer Test. In 2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition (pp. 25–299).

  • Caswell, L. J., & Duke, N. K. (1998). Non-narrative as a catalyst for literacy development. Language Arts, 75(2), 108–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemers, M. M., Zurbriggen, E. L., Syed, M., Goza, B. K., & Bearman, S. (2011). The role of efficacy and identity in science career commitment among underrepresented minority students. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 469–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chua, L. & Rajaratnam, R. (2016). What Makes a Good Picturebook?. National Library Board Singapore. https://www.ecda.gov.sg/growatbeanstalk/Documents/Community%20Partners/NLB/2016%20expert%20series%20workshops/What%20Makes%20a%20Good%20Picture%20Book_Web%20Version.pdf.

  • Crisp, T. (2015). A content analysis of Orbis Pictus award-winning non-fiction, 1990–2014. Language Arts, 92(4), 241–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, T., & Hiller, B. (2011). “Is this a boy or a girl?”: Rethinking sex-role representation in Caldecott Medal-winning picturebooks, 1938–2011. Children’s Literature in Education, 42(3), 196–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, T., Knezek, S. M., Quinn, M., Bingham, G. E., Girardeau, K., & Starks, F. (2016). What’s on our bookshelves? The diversity of children’s literature in early childhood classroom libraries. Journal of Children’s Literature, 42(2), 29–42.

  • Cullinan, B. (1989). Literature and the child. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeJarnette, N. (2012). America’s children: Providing early exposure to STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) initiatives. Education, 133(1), 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorie, B. L., & Cardella, M. (2011). Integrating Children’s Literature into Occupational Learning about Engineers. In 2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition (pp. 22–899).

  • Dubosarsky, M., John, M. S., Anggoro, F., Wunnava, S., & Celik, U. (2018). Seeds of STEM: The development of a problem-based STEM curriculum for early childhood classrooms. In Early Engineering Learning (pp. 249–269). Springer.

  • Fayer, S., Lacey, A., & Watson, A. (2017). STEM occupations: Past, present, and future. Spotlight on Statistics, 1–35. https://www.wqed.org/sites/default/files/education/iqsp/webcasts/iqsp_resource_STEM_Occupations.pdf.

  • Fralick, B., Kearn, J., Thompson, S., & Lyons, J. (2009). How middle schoolers draw engineers and scientists. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 18(1), 60–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, N., & Burnett, M. (2014). Crunching numbers at the Nielsen children’s book summit. Publishers Weekly.

  • Gilton, D. L. (2007). Multicultural and ethnic children’s literature in the United States. Scarecrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomillion, S. C., & Giuliano, T. A. (2011). The influence of media role models on gay, lesbian, and bisexual identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(3), 330–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Governor’s Advisory Council for Excellence in STEM. (2019). Alabama’s road map for STEM success a strategic plan for STEM education. Retrieved from https://governor.alabama.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ACES-STEM-Roadmap-2019.pdf.

  • Hefflin, B. R., & Barksdale-Ladd, M. A. (2001). African American children’s literature that helps students find themselves: Selection guidelines for grades K-3. The Reading Teacher, 54(8), 810–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holbrook, A., Panozza, L., & Prieto, E. (2009). Engineering in children’s fiction-Not a good story? International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 7(4), 723–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiefer, B. Z. (1995). The potential of picturebooks: From visual literacy to aesthetic understanding. Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, M., & Cunningham, C. (2004, June). Draw an Engineer: Development of a tool to investigate students’ ideas about engineers and engineering. In 2004 Annual Conference (pp. 9–482).

  • Lampley, S. A., Dyess, S. R., Benfield, M. P., Davis, A. M., Gholston, S. E., Dillihunt, M. L., & Turner, M. W. (2022). Understanding the conceptions of engineering in early elementary students. Education Sciences, 12(1), 43.

  • Leung, E., & Adams-Whittaker, J. (2022). Content analysis of LGBTQ picturebooks for elementary education through an intersectional lens. Frontiers in Education, 6, 769769. https://doi.org/10.3389/Leduc

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Assessment of Educational Progress [NAEP]. (2019). The Nation’s Report Card: 2019 mathematics state snapshot report. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/subject/publications/stt2019/pdf/2020014AL4.pdf.

  • Noonan, R. (2017). STEM Jobs: 2017 Update. ESA Issue Brief# 02-17. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED594354.

  • Oware, E., Capobianco, B., & Diefes-Dux, H. A. (2007, October). Young children’s perceptions of engineers before and after a summer engineering outreach course. In 2007 37th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference-Global Engineering: Knowledge Without Borders, Opportunities Without Passports (pp. S2B-3). IEEE.

  • Pantoya, M. L., Aguirre-Munoz, Z., & Hunt, E. M. (2015). Developing an engineering identity in early childhood. American Journal of Engineering Education, 6(2), 61–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, M. H., Dimitrov, D. M., Patterson, L. G., & Park, D. Y. (2017). Early childhood teachers’ beliefs about readiness for teaching science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 15(3), 275–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PCAST, President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology. (2010). Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future. Executive Office of the President.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, A. M., & Hayden, H. E. (2021). Repositioning disability in children’s picturebooks through classroom read-alouds. Teaching Exceptional Children, 00400599211038299.

  • Robnett, R. (2013). The role of peer support for girls and women in STEM: Implications for identity and anticipated retention. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 5(3), 232–253.

  • Routman, R. (2000). Conversations: Strategies for teaching, learning, and evaluating. Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, K. G. (2018). What’s trending in children’s literature and why it matters. Language Arts, 95(5), 287–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, A., Montgomery, G., & Schmoll, S. (2020). How to foster the formation of STEM identity: Studying diversity in an authentic learning environment. International Journal of STEM Education, 7(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sotirovska, V., & Kelley, J. (2020). Anthropomorphic characters in children’s literature: Windows, mirrors, or sliding glass doors to embodied immigrant experiences. The Elementary School Journal, 121(2), 337–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumara, D. J. (1998). Fictionalizing acts: Reading and the making of identity. Theory into Practice, 37(3), 203–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swift, T. M., & Watkins, S. E. (2004). An engineering primer for outreach to K-4 education.

  • Tank, K. M., Moore, T. J., Dorie, B. L., Gajdzik, E., Terri Sanger, M., Rynearson, A. M., & Mann, E. F. (2018). Engineering in early elementary classrooms through the integration of high-quality literature, design, and STEM+ C content. In Early engineering learning (pp. 175–201). Springer.

  • Vaughn, M., Sotirovska, V., Darragh, J. J., & Elhess, M. (2022). Examining agency in children’s non-fiction picturebooks. Children’s Literature in Education, 53(1), 33–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent-Ruz, P., & Schunn, C. D. (2018). The nature of science identity and its role as the driver of student choices. International Journal of STEM Education, 5(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weale, S. (2016). Gendered toys could deter girls from career in engineering, report says. The Guardian7.

  • Wilson, S. (2013). Professional development for science teachers. Science, 340(6130), 310–313. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230725

    Article  Google Scholar 

STEM Picturebook List

  • Alling, N. (2014). When I build with blocks. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaty, A. (2013). Rosie Revere, engineer. Abrams Books for Young Readers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaty, A. (2016). Ada Twist, scientist. Abrams Books for Young Readers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burleigh, R. (2013). Look Up!: Henrietta Leavitt. Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornwall, G. (2020). Jabari tries. Candlewick.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, A. (2019). Human-computer: Mary Jackson. Nomad Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferry, B. (2021). Marsha is magnetic. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fliess, S. (2018). Mary Had a Little Lab. Albert Whitman & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehl, L. (2019). Always looking up: Nancy Grace Roman Astronomer. Albert Whitman & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, A. (2013). I wonder. Four Elephants Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R. (2018). CRASH! BOOM! A math tale. Candlewick.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howes, K. (2019). Be A maker. Candlewick.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. (2019). Izzy Gizmo and the invention convention. Peachtree Publishers Company Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. (2018). Izzy Gizmo. Peachtree Publishers Company Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, K. (2018). Robot to the rescue. Kane Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, P. (2012). Have fun Molly Lou Mellon. Putnam’s Sons Books for Young Readers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, L. (2013). Newton and me. Arbordale Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, S. (2019). Meet the gears a family of engineers. Independently published.

  • Spires, A. (2013). The most magnificent thing. Kids Can Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiro, R. (2018). Made by Maxine. Dial Books for Young Readers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tougas, C. (2012). Mechanicals. Orca Book Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dusen, C. (2019). If I built a school. Dial Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vegara, S. (2018). Ada Lovelace: Little people, big dreams. Frances Lincoln Children’s Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, J. (2008). Wangari’s trees of peace. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yolen, J., & Sheban, C. (2016). What to do with a box. Creative Edition.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Victoria Cardullo.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cardullo, V., Burton, M. Picturebooks in the Primary Grades: Representation and the Stories Shared About Who Belongs in STEM. Early Childhood Educ J (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01379-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01379-2

Keywords

Navigation