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Evidence of between-population variation in morphology and thermal plasticity of agonistic behavior in two genetically distinct populations of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

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Abstract

Morphological and behavioral traits affect an individual’s fitness and can reflect both evolutionary adaptations and phenotypic responses to environmental conditions. We conducted a reciprocal transplant ‘common garden’ experiment at two temperature regimes to test for phenotypic plasticity in morphological and behavioral traits between and within two populations of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from Hood Canal, WA, USA. The Dewatto River and Duckabush River populations exhibited asymmetric changes in body morphology in response to the two temperature regimes, suggesting both between- and within-population variation in morphological plasticity. In most cases, within population variation in body shapes was less than between temperature regimes. Most notably the populations differed in dorso-ventral and caudal regions, body depth, and head shape, with some differences on the anterior-posterior placement of the dorsal and ventral fins. The warm temperature regime caused more exploratory behavior, more charging behavior, and higher fin erosion, and population effects included slight differences in feeding aggression frequency. Morphology appeared to vary more between populations than between temperature regimes, and behavioral traits varied more between temperature regimes than between populations. Morphological variation may reflect adaptations to variation in freshwater habitat conditions, and both populations show behavioral plasticity in response to temperature. This study sheds new light on the role of genetic and environmental influence on morphology and behavior in juvenile steelhead.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this research was provided by the NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center Internal Grants Program in 2010. This project was conducted in collaboration with the Hood Canal Steelhead Project (NOAA NWFSC). Field collection of steelhead eggs in the Dewatto and Duckabush rivers was completed with the help of Teresa Sjostrom and Sean Hildebrandt (formally with Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group), Joy Lee-Waltermire and Rick Endicott (Long Live the Kings), and Megan Moore (NOAA NWFSC). Steelhead eggs were incubated and hatched at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Quilcene National Fish Hatchery (Quilcene, WA) under the direction of Dan Magnusen and Paul Kaiser. Juvenile steelhead were raised at Long Live the King’s Lilliwaup Hatchery for the duration of the experiment with the help of Joy Lee-Waltermire and Rick Endicott. Assistance with tank design and construction was provided by Rob Endicott, Jeff Atkins, and Rick Endicott. Data collection assistance was provided by Megan Moore, Rob Endicott, and Joy Lee-Waltermire. Statistical guidance and advice was provided by Eric Ward (NOAA NWFSC). Megan Moore provided technical assistance in creating Fig. 1. Appropriate scientific collection permits were obtained from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. The study plan was approved by the NOAA Fisheries Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on the manuscript. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and are not intended to represent the views of the National Marine Fisheries Service with which the authors are affiliated.

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  1. Ocean Associates, Inc. under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Manchester Research Station, 7305 E. Beach Dr., Port Orchard, WA, 98366, USA

    Katy K. Doctor

  2. Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Manchester Research Station, 7305 E. Beach Dr., Port Orchard, WA, 98366, USA

    Barry A. Berejikian

  3. Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA

    Gary A. Winans

  4. Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Manchester Research Station, 7305 E. Beach Dr., Port Orchard, WA, 98366, USA

    Donald M. Van Doornik

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Doctor, K.K., Berejikian, B.A., Winans, G.A. et al. Evidence of between-population variation in morphology and thermal plasticity of agonistic behavior in two genetically distinct populations of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Biol Fish 98, 1803–1821 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-015-0399-z

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