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On the Credibility Determinants of a Quality Label: a Quasi-Natural Experiment Using the Example of Stiftung Warentest

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Abstract

In 2013, Stiftung Warentest, which is one of the most important consumer organizations in Germany, tested hazelnut chocolate for their leading magazine called test. The hazelnut chocolate of Ritter Sport, which is a high-quality producer of chocolate in Germany, failed the test and received the grade “unsatisfactory.” Stiftung Warentest accused Ritter Sport of labelling an artificial flavouring as a natural flavouring. Ritter Sport rejected the accusation, went to court, and won the trial. Stiftung Warentest had to withdraw the issue in question of test magazine. The affair received broad media coverage from December 2013 to September 2014. Using the case Ritter Sport versus Stiftung Warentest, it is analysed whether negative headlines really undermine the credibility of a quality label by examining Stiftung Warentest and their quality label called test. In addition, it is examined what can be done to restore or, more generally, increase the credibility of a quality label. Based on a quasi-natural experiment, it is found that the negative headlines regarding Stiftung Warentest have undermined the credibility of the test label. It is also found that the credibility of the test label can be increased by providing reference values to the tests, strengthening the independence of Stiftung Warentest, and using laboratory methods for the tests. For the most part, the same holds true for any quality label. High-quality producers, quality-conscious consumers, and the awarding organization of the quality label can benefit from an increased credibility of a quality label.

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Notes

  1. Dr. Grieger and Cie. Marktforschung (2013, p. 18) distinguish the transparency of the determination of the verdict from the transparency of the test method. However, both items are parts of the methodology, and they are nearly equally important. That is why we pool them here and in the rest of the paper.

  2. For an earlier presentation of the methodology of product testing by Stiftung Warentest, see Hüttenrauch (1977).

  3. Of course, different cohorts of consumers in the population may respond differently to negative information in magnitude. The theory of source credibility makes no predictions about that. Therefore, measured magnitudes only have an exploratory character. Only if there were an additional corroborated hypothesis, for example, that young consumers were influenced more than older ones by negative information, measured magnitudes between different groups of consumers in the sample could be relatively interpreted.

  4. For a discussion of parametric t tests and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests, see Siegel (1957).

  5. For an earlier analysis of the publications by Stiftung Warentest, see Silberer (1978).

References

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Acknowledgments

For detailed comments, we are grateful to Heribert Gierl and three anonymous referees of the Journal of Consumer Policy. For useful suggestions, we thank participants at the 2014 GfeW Annual Conference in Passau and at the 2015 GEWISOLA Annual Conference in Giessen.

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Correspondence to Andreas Hildenbrand.

Appendices

Appendix A

  1. 1.

    How important are quality labels to you …

    1. a.

      in general?

    2. b.

      when you buy food?

  2. 2.

    When do you trust in a quality label? In particular, to what extent do the following attributes influence the credibility of a quality label?

    1. a.

      Independence of the awarding organization: The awarding organization is economically independent.

    2. b.

      Presence of reference values: A product is compared to other products.

    3. c.

      Methodological transparency: The conditions, under which the quality label is obtained, are known.

    4. d.

      Laboratory methods: The results comply with scientific standards.

    5. e.

      Absence of negative headlines: There is no negative information on the quality label.

    6. f.

      Date of the awarding: The quality label is up to date.

    7. g.

      Presence on the packaging of many products: The quality label is often used.

    8. h.

      Active presence on the media: The quality label is advertised.

    9. i.

      Passive presence on the media: The quality label is used for advertising.

  3. 3.

    Do you know the quality label of Stiftung Warentest (test label)?

  4. 4.

    Do you remember any headlines or reporting on the test label or Stiftung Warentest from the last 6 months?

  5. 5.

    What kind of reporting do you remember?

    1. a.

      I mainly remember negative reporting on Stiftung Warentest.

    2. b.

      I mainly remember neutral headlines regarding Stiftung Warentest.

    3. c.

      I mainly remember positive headlines regarding Stiftung Warentest.

  6. 6.

    Please read the following headlines.

    1. a.

      Ritter Sport beats Stiftung Warentest in court” (Die Welt 2014-01-13)

    2. b.

      Ritter Sport inflicted a severe defeat on Stiftung Warentest” (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 2014-01-13)

    3. c.

      “Controversial tests put pressure on Stiftung Warentest” (Die Welt 2014-05-04)

  7. 7.

    Do you trust in Stiftung Warentest? In particular, how credible is the test label for you?

  8. 8.

    To what extent do you agree with the following statements on the test label?

    1. a.

      Laboratory methods are used to obtain a test result. Stiftung Warentest works scientifically.

    2. b.

      Stiftung Warentest is independent. They can freely (without economic pressure) make decisions.

    3. c.

      With the help of the test label, I can better compare a product to other products. There are enough reference values.

    4. d.

      The methodology behind the test label is transparent. I know the conditions under which a test result is obtained.

  9. 9.

    What is your sex?

  10. 10.

    How old are you?

  11. 11.

    Are you a student at Justus Liebig University Giessen?

  12. 12.

    Which department do you belong to?

Appendix B

  1. 1.

    Wie wichtig sind Ihnen Qualitätssiegel beim Kauf …

    1. a.

      im Allgemeinen?

    2. b.

      von Lebensmitteln?

  2. 2.

    Wann vertrauen Sie auf ein Qualitätssiegel? Das heißt, inwieweit beeinflussen die folgenden Attribute die Glaubwürdigkeit eines Qualitätssiegels?

    1. a.

      Unabhängigkeit des Ausstellers: Der Aussteller ist wirtschaftlich unabhängig.

    2. b.

      Angabe von Bezugsgrößen: Ein Produkt wird mit anderen Produkten verglichen.

    3. c.

      Transparenz der Methodik: Die Rahmenbedingungen, unter denen das Qualitätssiegel vergeben wird, sind bekannt.

    4. d.

      Verwendung von Labormethoden: Die Ergebnisse genügen wissenschaftlichen Ansprüchen.

    5. e.

      Abwesenheit von Negativschlagzeilen: Es liegen keine negativen Informationen über das Qualitätssiegel vor.

    6. f.

      Datum der Vergabe: Das Qualitätssiegel ist aktuell.

    7. g.

      Präsenz auf der Verpackung vieler Produkte: Das Qualitätssiegel wird oft verwendet.

    8. h.

      Aktive Präsenz in den Medien: Das Qualitätssiegel wird beworben.

    9. i.

      Passive Präsenz in den Medien: Mit dem Qualitätssiegel wird geworben.

  3. 3.

    Ist Ihnen das Qualitätssiegel der Stiftung Warentest (Testsiegel) bekannt?

  4. 4.

    Erinnern Sie sich an Schlagzeilen oder Berichterstattungen über das Testsiegel oder Stiftung Warentest aus den letzten sechs Monaten?

  5. 5.

    An welche Art der Berichterstattung erinnern Sie sich?

    1. a.

      Ich erinnere mich überwiegend an negative Berichterstattungen über Stiftung Warentest.

    2. b.

      Ich erinnere mich überwiegend an neutrale Berichterstattungen über Stiftung Warentest.

    3. c.

      Ich erinnere mich überwiegend an positive Berichterstattungen über Stiftung Warentest.

  6. 6.

    Bitte lesen Sie die folgenden Schlagzeilen.

    1. a.

      “Ritter Sport siegt gegen Stiftung Warentest” (Die Welt 2014-01-13)

    2. b.

      “Schwere Niederlage für Warentest gegen Ritter Sport” (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 2014-01-13)

    3. c.

      “Umstrittene Tests bringen Warentest unter Druck” (Die Welt 2014-05-04)

  7. 7.

    Vertrauen Sie auf Stiftung Warentest? Das heißt, wie glaubwürdig ist das Testsiegel für Sie?

  8. 8.

    Inwieweit stimmen Sie den folgenden Aussagen über das Testsiegel zu?

    1. a.

      Es werden Labormethoden verwendet, um ein Testurteil zu erzeugen. Stiftung Warentest arbeitet wissenschaftlich.

    2. b.

      Stiftung Warentest ist unabhängig. Sie kann Entscheidungen frei (ohne wirtschaftlichen Zwang) treffen.

    3. c.

      Mithilfe des Testsiegels kann ich ein Produkt besser mit anderen Produkten vergleichen. Es gibt genügend Bezugsgrößen.

    4. d.

      Die Methodik hinter dem Testsiegel ist transparent. Ich weiß, unter welchen Rahmenbedingungen ein Testurteil zustande kommt.

  9. 9.

    Welches Geschlecht haben Sie?

  10. 10.

    Wie alt sind Sie?

  11. 11.

    Studieren Sie an der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen?

  12. 12.

    Welchem Fachbereich gehören Sie an?

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Hildenbrand, A., Kühl, R. & Piper, A. On the Credibility Determinants of a Quality Label: a Quasi-Natural Experiment Using the Example of Stiftung Warentest . J Consum Policy 39, 307–325 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-016-9325-9

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