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Effects of urbanization on population genetic structure of western gray squirrels

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Abstract

Habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization are key contributors to the decline of biodiversity. The consequence of these factors is small, isolated populations that are more susceptible to deterministic and stochastic threats of extinction. There is an increasing trend in population reductions of the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus) in urban areas of Southern California, USA. Griffith Park (GP) contains one of the last urban populations of western gray squirrels (WGS) present in Los Angeles. We used hairtubes to collect hair of WGS at 3 sites within GP and at 5 sites outside of GP. Twelve microsatellite loci and a 550 bp segment of the mitochondrial control region were used to examine the genetic diversity within GP and among all sample sites, and to determine gene flow within GP. Results revealed subpopulations within GP have low levels of allelic richness at microsatellite loci (AR = 2.28–2.53) and low mitochondrial haplotype diversity (HD = 0.000–0.271). We found significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.109–0.156, p < 0.001), high levels of relatedness within each GP subpopulation (0.399–0.633), and a lack of private alleles (AP = 0.09–0.27) at microsatellite loci. Mode shifts in microsatellite allele frequencies and positive M-ratio tests provide evidence of bottlenecks within a GP subpopulation. The effective population size for GP (Ne = 9.1) highlights the effects of genetic drift on this isolated population. We suggest conservation efforts that could maintain these last extant populations of a native species in urban Los Angeles.

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Genbank accession numbers–MN923254–MN923259.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Friends of Griffith Park and Cooper Ecological Monitoring Inc. for funding this study. We also thank the volunteer field and lab student researchers at California State University Los Angeles. In addition, we are grateful to all the other organizations and individuals who supported this project: City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks, Chief Ranger Albert Torres, California Wildlife Center, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Suzanne Goode (Angeles District of CA State Parks), Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park, Marcia Ryback, the National Park Service, the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, and Monrovia City Park Rangers. An earlier version of this manuscript was improved with comments from two anonymous reviewers.

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This study was supported by the Friends of Griffith Park and Cooper Ecological Monitoring, Inc.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Christopher DeMarco, Elizabeth Torres, Alan Muchlinski & Andres Aguilar

  2. Cooper Ecological Monitoring Inc, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Daniel S. Cooper

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  1. Christopher DeMarco
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CD, DC and AM designed the study. CD collected samples and generated all data. CD analyzed the data with assistance from AA and ET. CD, AM and AA drafted the manuscript and DC and ET provided comments on manuscript drafts.

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Correspondence to Andres Aguilar.

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DeMarco, C., Cooper, D.S., Torres, E. et al. Effects of urbanization on population genetic structure of western gray squirrels. Conserv Genet 22, 67–81 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-020-01318-x

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