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All dam-affected trout populations are not alike: fine scale geographic variability in resident rainbow trout in Icicle Creek, WA, USA

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Abstract

Recognizing the genetic diversity within and among collections of allopatric rainbow trout is an important step in understanding and monitoring the dynamics of the metapopulation structure of a species like Oncorhynchus mykiss with resident and anadromous life history forms. Prior to the removal of a barrier and the recolonization of Icicle Creek with anadromous steelhead, we report the degree to which collections of above-barrier resident rainbow trout from 13 sites differ from downstream steelhead, and the pattern of genetic diversity and connectivity among resident collections using 14 microsatellite loci. Measures of genetic variability (H e, A R, and A/L) are low in the upper-most collections of residents and estimates of N e change approximately 4-fold from the upper tributaries (N e~90) to the lowest main stem collections (N e~360) over 35 river kilometers (rkm). The overall comparison of resident rainbow trout versus below-barrier steelhead is F ST = 0.053. A STRUCTURE analysis of all 1,730 fish indicated three populations within the above-barrier collections of resident fish. Notably, two sets of upstream collections of rainbow trout, separated at a minimum of 16.4 rkm, had a mean F ST = 0.128. Natural passage barriers account for some of the observed stock structure in Icicle Creek but the strongest differences are not associated with barriers by our analysis. No significant temporal variability was seen within four rainbow trout sites and one steelhead site; and no hatchery rainbow trout ancestry was detected in the watershed. In general these results highlight the need for conservation efforts to include fine-scale evaluations of population structure of riverine fishes above barriers to increase the accuracy of understanding and monitoring intra specific diversity and the biological effects of dams and dam removal.

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Acknowledgments

J. Glasgow, M. Waite, and K. Beardslee of the Wild Fish Conservancy assisted in study design and provided logistical support. M. Ford, K. Nichols, and D. Van Doornik provided useful reviews of an earlier draft. D. Patterson provided laboratory support. Field assistance was provided by Wild Fish Conservancy field crew members T. Buehrens, B. Burrill, J. Crandall, J. Fletcher, B. McMillan, A. Thompson, C. Tran, W. Ardren, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, provided the Peshatin collection. Funding for the project was provided in part by a generous grant from the Icicle Fund.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA

    Gary A. Winans

  2. Wild Fish Conservancy, Duvall, WA, 98019, USA

    Nick Gayeski

  3. School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    Emma Timmins-Schiffman

Authors
  1. Gary A. Winans
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  2. Nick Gayeski
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  3. Emma Timmins-Schiffman
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gary A. Winans.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Barriers to upstream movement of resident-sized rainbow trout in Icicle Creek. Known barriers are **; all others are potential barriers. Relevant collection sites are included for perspective

Barrier name

rkm

Elevation drop (m)

Distance (m)

Gradient (%)

Jack Creek site

28.9

   

Jack/Icicle confluence

28.7

1.1

150

0.7

Icicle-at-Jack site

27.9

   

Chatter Gorge Falls**

26.3

4.5

100

4.5

Hoxie

25.3

   

Doctor

24.1

   

Ida

23.0

   

Johnny site

19.8

   

Icicle-at-Johnny

19.7

2

150

1.3

Cascade Reach 1

19.4

8.7

140

6.2

Cascade Reach 2

18.2

28.1

710

4.0

Knapweed

17.3

   

Bridge

16.5

   

Cascade Reach 3**

16

14.4

200

7.2

Cascade Reach 4

13.2

24.1

370

6.5

Icicle-Brower

11.6

3.5

190

1.8

Brower

11.5

   

Cascade Reach 5

9.8

32.4

610

5.3

Appendix 2

Summary data for 14 microsatellite loci where Ho and He are observed and expected heterozygosity, and FST is the index of differentiation (S.E. standard error) after Weir and Cockerham (1984). Size range of observed alleles is provided

Locus

Number of alleles

Observed alleles

H o

H e

F ST

(S.E.)

Ocl1

23

150–230

0.815

0.830

0.048

(0.017)

Ogo4

13

115–151

0.708

0.715

0.071

(0.023)

Oke4

22

234–272

0.671

0.680

0.091

(0.040)

Oki23

23

116–204

0.757

0.767

0.063

(0.024)

Omy07

21

234–304

0.812

0.808

0.060

(0.005)

Omy1001

30

172–246

0.819

0.834

0.058

(0.018)

Omy1011

21

118–214

0.820

0.834

0.073

(0.022)

One14

11

146–192

0.482

0.528

0.146

(0.081)

Ots100

27

158–226

0.827

0.876

0.048

(0.017)

Ots3

12

68–94

0.600

0.607

0.094

(0.043)

Ots4

10

105–129

0.712

0.694

0.054

(0.023)

Ssa289

8

105–119

0.551

0.581

0.115

(0.059)

Ssa407

26

159–263

0.836

0.822

0.052

(0.012)

Ssa408

23

165–265

0.819

0.825

0.075

(0.028)

Overall

270

 

0.731

0.743

0.068

(0.006)

Appendix 3

Below diagonal are pairwise F ST values among collections. Bolded values were significantly different from zero (P < 0.0004, adjusted 0.05 level for multiple comparisons). Above diagonal is the number of loci out of 14 that are significantly different at P = 0.05 level

 

Lela

Fren

Solo

Mead

Jack7

Jack7

IceJk7

IceJk8

IceJk9

Hox

Doc

Ida

Joh7

Joh8

Joh9

Knap

Leland

0.000

5

9

11

11

10

4

3

6

3

2

2

2

3

3

2

French

0.030

0.000

11

10

9

12

7

6

3

3

3

3

4

7

7

0

Solomon

0.132

0.096

0.000

2

1

2

8

5

4

8

5

7

4

8

8

4

Meadow

0.159

0.123

0.027

0.000

5

4

8

8

6

9

7

8

9

8

10

7

Jack07

0.067

0.047

0.022

0.040

0.000

0

7

8

2

4

3

7

7

9

9

2

Jack08

0.072

0.052

0.023

0.040

−0.001

0.000

9

10

4

6

4

8

10

10

11

5

IceJk07

0.020

0.013

0.055

0.078

0.018

0.023

0.000

0

2

0

0

1

4

8

8

0

IceJk08

0.019

0.013

0.057

0.083

0.020

0.026

0.000

0.000

1

1

0

0

1

4

7

0

IceJk09

0.038

0.022

0.058

0.081

0.016

0.016

0.010

0.011

0.000

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

Hoxie

0.020

0.011

0.073

0.091

0.023

0.027

0.003

0.001

0.012

0.000

1

0

0

1

1

0

Doctor

0.017

0.015

0.077

0.096

0.032

0.036

0.005

0.003

0.006

0.004

0.000

0

0

0

1

0

Ida

0.014

0.015

0.088

0.098

0.036

0.038

0.007

0.007

0.012

0.000

−0.002

0.000

0

0

0

0

John07

0.021

0.011

0.073

0.092

0.028

0.033

0.006

0.005

0.012

0.000

0.002

−0.001

0.000

0

0

0

 

Brid

Bro7

Bro8

Bro9

Chi7

Chi8

Chi9

Pesh

Gold

Spok

Leland

4

8

7

6

13

12

10

10

14

14

French

5

9

10

8

13

13

11

13

14

14

Solomon

9

10

7

9

10

12

11

12

14

14

Meadow

9

10

9

10

12

12

12

11

14

14

Jack07

7

11

9

9

13

13

13

12

14

14

Jack08

8

12

10

11

13

13

13

12

14

14

IceJk07

4

13

11

12

13

13

13

13

14

14

IceJk08

4

12

10

11

13

13

12

11

14

14

IceJk09

2

5

5

1

10

12

10

9

14

14

Hoxie

0

4

4

4

11

12

11

11

14

14

Doctor

1

1

2

0

11

11

10

9

14

14

Ida

0

1

1

1

9

7

7

8

14

14

John07

0

3

3

3

11

11

9

10

14

14

 

Lela

Fren

Solo

Mead

Jack7

Jack8

IceJk7

IceJk8

IceJk9

Hox

Doc

Ida

Joh7

Joh8

Joh9

Knap

John08

0.025

0.014

0.080

0.101

0.030

0.035

0.009

0.010

0.009

0.004

0.003

0.003

−0.001

0.000

0

0

John09

0.026

0.018

0.079

0.100

0.033

0.036

0.012

0.013

0.010

0.007

0.004

0.004

0.001

0.000

0.000

0

Knap

0.020

0.006

0.073

0.094

0.024

0.028

0.001

0.000

0.005

−0.001

0.000

−0.002

−0.003

0.000

0.005

0.000

Bridge

0.026

0.012

0.084

0.110

0.038

0.042

0.010

0.009

0.013

0.005

0.003

0.006

0.000

0.001

0.000

−0.002

Brow07

0.028

0.017

0.080

0.097

0.037

0.041

0.013

0.014

0.019

0.008

0.007

0.007

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.001

Brow08

0.031

0.021

0.080

0.095

0.039

0.045

0.013

0.015

0.022

0.010

0.008

0.006

0.006

0.006

0.006

0.001

Brow09

0.031

0.019

0.084

0.097

0.037

0.042

0.015

0.015

0.015

0.007

0.009

0.006

0.005

0.007

0.008

0.001

Chiw07

0.054

0.058

0.133

0.149

0.081

0.082

0.053

0.054

0.046

0.046

0.051

0.036

0.039

0.038

0.038

0.040

Chiw08

0.050

0.057

0.131

0.151

0.082

0.084

0.051

0.050

0.046

0.045

0.048

0.039

0.040

0.039

0.041

0.038

Chiw09

0.052

0.062

0.143

0.172

0.088

0.090

0.054

0.055

0.051

0.051

0.055

0.044

0.042

0.041

0.043

0.040

Peshastin

0.053

0.052

0.130

0.142

0.079

0.080

0.050

0.049

0.042

0.043

0.047

0.036

0.034

0.035

0.033

0.034

Goldendale

0.194

0.197

0.288

0.297

0.230

0.236

0.194

0.199

0.205

0.195

0.208

0.186

0.183

0.173

0.177

0.186

Spokane

0.205

0.203

0.275

0.272

0.235

0.242

0.200

0.201

0.210

0.197

0.205

0.183

0.184

0.182

0.184

0.18

 

Brid

Bro7

Bro8

Bro9

Chi7

Chi8

Chi9

Pesh

Gold

Spok

John08

0

5

3

3

12

14

12

11

14

14

John09

0

5

4

4

14

14

11

10

14

14

Knap

0

0

0

0

7

7

6

10

14

14

Bridge

0.000

1

0

1

8

8

6

5

14

14

Brower07

0.000

0.000

0

1

13

14

12

10

14

14

Brower09

0.003

0.001

0.000

0.000

13

13

9

11

14

14

Chiwaukm07

0.029

0.035

0.036

0.032

0.000

2

1

5

14

14

Chiwaukm08

0.028

0.034

0.034

0.031

0.004

0.000

1

5

14

14

Chiwaukm09

0.032

0.036

0.039

0.034

0.008

0.005

0.000

3

14

14

Peshastin

0.026

0.031

0.030

0.027

0.008

0.010

0.013

0.000

14

14

Goldendale

0.188

0.169

0.167

0.165

0.171

0.170

0.179

0.167

0.000

14

Spokane

0.182

0.173

0.169

0.168

0.153

0.156

0.171

0.151

0.141

0.000

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Winans, G.A., Gayeski, N. & Timmins-Schiffman, E. All dam-affected trout populations are not alike: fine scale geographic variability in resident rainbow trout in Icicle Creek, WA, USA. Conserv Genet 16, 301–315 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0659-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0659-z

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