Abstract
This study used raw and bleached cotton fibers from the textile carding process to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) via acid hydrolysis. These materials were then used as nanofillers to improve the properties of films made of sodium alginate (ALG), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and blends of ALG:CMC (1:1). The obtained materials were characterized based on their suspension stability (zeta potential), yield, thermal behavior, and crystallinity. The mechanical properties and water vapor permeability (WVP) of films with different CNC contents (1, 2.5 and 5 wt%) were analyzed. The results indicated that bleached cotton generated CNCs with a smaller size and higher yield than raw cotton. The CNCs extracted from bleached and raw cotton showed crystallinities 18% and 20% higher than the original materials, respectively, and the suspensions were stable. The incorporation of bleached CNCs increased the tensile strength of ALG films by 36% (at 5 wt%) and CMC films by 35% (at 2.5 wt%). The mechanical properties of the ALG:CMC films were not altered by adding CNCs. Raw and bleached CNCs reduced the WVP of the ALG films (up to 39%) and ALG:CMC films (32%). In general, the CNCs obtained from bleached cotton tended to act as the best reinforcing agent for ALG and CMC films, giving it the potential for use in food applications.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (Grant number 438821/2018-1) for financial support; the LINDEN-Metro Laboratory and Central de Análises of the Federal University of Santa Catarina.
Funding
This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (Grant number 438821/2018-1) and by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.
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Mari, R.P., Sornas, J.J. & Bierhalz, A.C.K. Polysaccharide-based films reinforced with nanocellulose isolated from raw and bleached cotton. Cellulose 30, 1657–1668 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04980-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04980-1