Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fabrication and performance characterization of the membrane from self-dispersed gelatin-coupled cellulose microgels

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Cellulose Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A new gelatin-coupled cellulose (GCC) microgel system was successfully prepared in NaOH/urea aqueous solution with epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a coupling agent via dialysis and self-dispersion pathway. The structure and property of the microgel and its membrane were characterized by elemental analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was concluded that successful coupling interactions occurred between cellulose and gelatin during the fabrication process, and the weight-average molecular weight of GCC microgel was up to 636.60 kDa with polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.015 approximately. The crystalline structure of the modified cellulose was destroyed, leading to GCC product self-dispersed in water in the absence of NaOH and urea. The GCC microgels had whisker-like structure, and their Z-average particle sizes were approximately 86.1 nm–150.2 nm and decreased with the increases of the gelatin content (WGel). In comparison with the water contact angle, swelling behavior and thermostability of the existing water-soluble cellulose derivative, the microgel membranes exhibited better water resistance and thermal resistance properties.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Banerjee I, Mishra D, Maiti T (2009) PLGA microspheres incorporated gelatin scaffold: microspheres modulate scaffold properties. Int J Biomater 2009:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai J, Zhang L (2005) Rapid dissolution of cellulose in LiOH/Urea and NaOH/Urea aqueous solutions. Macromol Biosci 5:539–548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cai J, Liu Y, Zhang L (2006) Dilute solution properties of cellulose in LiOH/urea aqueous system. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 44:3093–3101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciolacu D, Rudaz C, Vasilescu M, Budtova T (2016) Physically and chemically cross-linked cellulose cryogels: structure, properties and application for controlled release. Carbohyd Polym 151:392–400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding C, Zhang M, Li G (2015) Preparation and characterization of collagen/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) blend film. Carbohyd Polym 119:194–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan H, Shao Z, Zhao M, Zhou Z (2016) Preparation and properties of environmental-friendly coatings based on carboxymethyl cellulose nitrate ester & modified alkyd. Carbohyd Polym 137:92–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson J, Malmsten M, Tiberg F, Callisen T, Damhus T (2005) Enzymatic degradation of model cellulose films. J Colloid Interface Sci 284(1):99–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esteghlal S, Niakosari M, Hosseini S, Mesbahi G, Yousefi G (2016) Gelatin-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose water-in-water emulsions as a new bio-based packaging material. Int J Biol Macromol 86:242–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farzamfar S, Naseri N, Vaez A, Esmaeilpour F, Ehterami A, Sahrapeyma H (2017) Neural tissue regeneration by a gabapentin-loaded cellulose acetate/gelatin wet-electrospun scaffold. Cellulose 25(2):1229–1238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French A (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21:885–896

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ge W, Guo Y, Zhong H (2015) Synthesis, characterization and micellar behaviors of hydroxyethyl cellulose-graft-poly(lactide/e-caprolactone/p-dioxanone). Cellulose 22(4):2365–2374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geng H (2018) A one-step approach to make cellulose-based hydrogels of various transparency and swelling degrees. Carbohyd Polym 186:208–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Wang X, Shu X, Shen Z, Sun R (2012) Self-assembly and paclitaxel loading capacity of cellulose-graft-poly(lactide) nanomicelles. J Agric Food Chem 60(15):3900–3908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Wang X, Shen Z, Shu X, Sun R (2013) Preparation of cellulose-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanomicelles by homogeneous ROP in ionic liquid. Carbohyd Polym 92(1):77–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu H, You J, Gan W, Zhou J, Zhang L (2015) Synthesis of allyl cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions and its thiol-ene click reactions. Polym Chem 6:3543–3548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ifuku S, Kadla JF (2009) Preparation of a thermosensitive highly regioselective cellulose/N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer through atom transfer radical polymerization. Biomacromolecules 9(11):3308–3313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang F, Hsieh Y (2016) Self-assembling of TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibrils as affected by protonation of surface carboxyls and drying methods. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:1041–1049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson K, Schuster E, Stading M, Rigdahl M (2015) Foaming behavior of water-soluble cellulose derivatives: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose. Cellulose 22(4):2651–2664

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirdponpattara S, Phisalaphong M, Kongruang S (2017) Gelatin-bacterial cellulose composite sponges thermally cross-linked with glucose for tissue engineering applications. Carbohyd Polym 177:361–368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink H, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: faszinierendes biopolymer und nachhaltiger rohstoff. Angew Chem 117(22):3422–3458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Jin X, Zhang X, Han M, Ji S (2015) Self-assembly and chiroptical property of poly(N-acryloyl-L-amino acid) grafted celluloses synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Carbohyd Polym 117:312–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Yuan W (2018) Superhydrophobic three-dimensional porous ethyl cellulose absorbent with micro/nano-scale hierarchical structures for highly efficient removal of oily contaminants from water. Carbohyd Polym 191:86–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma S, Song G, Feng N (2012) Preparation and characterization of self-emulsified waterborne nitrocellulose. Carbohyd Polym 89:36–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Y, Zhou G, Ding J, Li S, Wang G (2018) Preparation and characterization of an agglomeration-cementing agent for dust suppression in open pit coal Mining. Cellulose 25:4011–4029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maciejewski B, Weitschies W, Schneider F, Sznitowska M (2017) Gastroresistant gelatin films prepared by addition of cellulose acetate phthalate. Pharmazie 72(6):324–328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navarra M, Bosco C, Moreno J, Vitucci F, Paolone A, Panero S (2015) Synthesis and characterization of cellulose-based hydrogels to be used as gel electrolytes. Membranes 5(4):5810–5823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ooi S, Ahmad I, Amin M (2015) Cellulose nanocrystals extracted from rice husks as a reinforcing material in gelatin hydrogels for use in controlled drug delivery systems. Ind Crops Prod 93:227–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pei Y, Yang J, Liu P, Xu M, Zhang X, Zhang L (2013) Fabrication, properties and bioapplications of cellulose/collagen hydrolysate composite films. Carbohyd Polym 92:1752–1760

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pei Y, Ye D, Zhao Q, Wang X, Zhang C (2015) Effectively promoting wound healing with cellulose/gelatin sponges constructed directly from a cellulose solution. J Mater Chem B 3:7518–7528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi H, Liebert T, Meister F, Heinze T (2009) Homogenous carboxymethylation of cellulose in the NaOH/urea aqueous solution. React Funct Polym 69:779–784

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qin X, Lu A, Zhang L (2013) Gelation behavior of cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous system via cross-linking. Cellulose 20:1669–1677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu X, Tao S, Ren X, Hu S (2012) Modified cellulose films with controlled permeatability and biodegradability by crosslinking with toluene diisocyanate under homogeneous conditions. Carbohyd Polym 88:1272–1280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quero F, Coveney A, Lewandowska A, Richardson R, Calderón P, Lee K, Eichhorn S, Alam M, Enrione J (2015) Stress transfer quantification in gelatin-matrix natural composites with tunable optical properties. Biomacromolecules 16:1784–1793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quero F, Padilla C, Campos V, Luengo J, Caballero L, Melo F, Li Q, Eichhorn S, Enrione J (2018) Stress transfer and matrix-cohesive fracture mechanism in microfibrillated cellulose-gelatin nanocomposite films. Carbohyd Polym 195:89–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhou J, Zhang L (2008) Homogeneous quaternization of cellulose in NaOH/Urea aqueous solutions as gene carriers. Biomacromolecules 9:2259–2264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su X, Zhao Q, Zhang D, Dong W (2015) Synthesis and membrane performance characterization of self-emulsified waterborne nitrocellulose dispersion modified with castor oil. Appl Surf Sci 356:610–614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su X, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Chen Z (2017) Synthesis and characterization of carboxylate waterborne cellulose emulsion based on cellulose acetate. Cellulose 24(5):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sui X, Yuan J, Zhou M, Zhang J, Yang H (2008) Synthesis of cellulose-graft-poly(N,N-dimethylamino-2-ethyl methacrylate) copolymers via homogeneous ATRP and their aggregates in aqueous media. Biomacromolecules 9(10):2615–2620

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun N, Wang T, Yan X (2017) Self-assembled supermolecular hydrogel based on hydroxyethyl cellulose: formation, in vitro release and bacteriostasis application. Carbohyd Polym 172:49–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki T, Kono K, Shimomura K, Minami H (2014) Preparation of cellulose particles using an ionic liquid. J Colloid Interface Sci 418:126–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theerawitayaart W, Prodpran T, Benjakul S, Sookchoo P (2019) Properties of films from fish gelatin prepared by molecular modification and direct addition of oxidized linoleic acid. Food Hydrocolloids 88:291–300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tristram CJ, Mason JM, Williams DB, Hinkley SF (2015) Doubly renewable cellulose polymer for water-based coatings. ChemSusChem 8(1):63–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Lv X, Chen S, Li Z, Yao J (2017) Bacterial cellulose/gelatin scaffold loaded with VEGF-silk fibroin nanoparticles for improving angiogenesis in tissue regeneration. Cellulose 24(11):5013–5024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia G, Wan J, Zhang J, Zhang X, Xu L, Wu J (2016) Cellulose-based films prepared directly from waste newspapers via an ionic liquid. Carbohyd Polym 151:223–229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Zhu Y, Liu F, Nie J, Ma J (2010) Comb-shaped conjugates comprising hydroxypropyl cellulose backbones and low-molecular-weight poly(N-isopropylacryamide) side chains for smart hydrogels: synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications. Bioconjug Chem 21(3):456–464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Q, Lv A, Qi H, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang L (2009) Properties and bioapplications of blended cellulose and corn protein films. Macromol Biosci 9:849–856

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang X, Liu G, Peng L, Guo J, Tao L (2017) Highly efficient self-healable and dual responsive cellulose-based hydrogels for controlled release and 3D cell culture. Adv Func Mater 27(40):1–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • You J, Zhao L, Wang G, Zhou H, Zhou J, Zhang L (2014) Quaternized cellulose-supported gold nanoparticles as capillary coatings to enhance protein separation by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1343:160–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan Z, Zhang J, Jiang A, Lv W, Wang Y, Geng H (2015) Fabrication of cellulose self-assemblies and high-strength ordered cellulose films. Carbohyd Polym 117:414–421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Weeks BL (2014) Preparation of sub-micron nitrocellulose particles for improved combustion behavior. J Hazard Mater 268:224–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Liu X, Zheng W, Zhu J (2012) Regenerated cellulose/graphene nanocomposite films prepared in DMAC/LiCl solution. Carbohyd Polym 88:26–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D, Zhang N, Song P, Hao J, Wan Y (2018a) Functionalized cellulose beads with three dimensional porous structure for rapid adsorption of active constituents from Pyrola incarnata. Carbohyd Polym 181:560–569

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Han L, Wang B, Xu H (2018b) Biodegradable regenerated cellulose-dispersed composites with improved properties via a pickering emulsion process. Carbohyd Polym 179:86–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, He M, Zhao L, Wang S, Li Y (2016) Epichlorohydrin-cross-linked hydroxyethyl cellulose/soy protein isolate composite films as biocompatible and biodegradable implants for tissue engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:2781–2795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Zhang L, Deng Q, Wu X (2004) Synthesis and characterization of cellulose derivatives prepared in NaOH/Urea aqueous solutions. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 42:5911–5920

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Qin Y, Liu S, Zhang L (2006) Homogenous synthesis of hydroxyethylcellulose in NaOH/Urea aqueous solution. Macromol Biosci 6:84–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Xu Y, Wang X, Qin Y, Zhang L (2008) Microstructure and aggregation behavior of methylcelluloses prepared in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions. Carbohyd Polym 74:901–906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Hongliang Research Fund (413118) and Doctor Research Fund of Shaanxi University of Science and Technology.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, China

    Yijun Yao, Hongru Wang, Ruirui Wang, Yong Chai & Wanli Ji

Authors
  1. Yijun Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hongru Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ruirui Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yong Chai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Wanli Ji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hongru Wang.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 81 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yao, Y., Wang, H., Wang, R. et al. Fabrication and performance characterization of the membrane from self-dispersed gelatin-coupled cellulose microgels. Cellulose 26, 3255–3269 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02263-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02263-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation