Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A comparative study on the starch-based biocomposite films reinforced by nanocellulose prepared from different non-wood fibers

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Cellulose Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nanocellulose was extracted from three kinds of non-wood fibers (bamboo, cotton linter, and sisal) by TEMPO-mediated oxidation and high pressure homogenization. Starch-based composite films containing different kinds of nanocellulose with different content (0–10 wt%) were prepared via solution casting method. The morphology and structure of the three kinds of nanocellulose and their respective effects on the composite films were compared by various characterizations. The impacts of nanocellulose content on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the composite films were also evaluated. The study found that morphology and chemical composition of the nanocellulose obtained from different sources were almost the same, but there were slight differences in their size and crystallinity. Bamboo nanocellulose had the highest aspect ratio, which enabled it to provide the greatest reinforcing effects on the mechanical properties and barrier properties of the composite films. The addition of nanocellulose improved the mechanical properties of the films but reduced their elongation at break and thermal stability. This study paves the route for choosing the most effective non-wood nanocelluloe source and mixed ratio to produce food packaging with the best performance.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdul Khalil HP, Davoudpour Y, Islam MN, Mustapha A, Sudesh K, Dungani R, Jawaid M (2014) Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: a review. Carbohydr Polym 99:649–665

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • And MNA, Dufresne A (2008) Plasticized starch/tunicin whiskers nanocomposites. 1. Structural analysis. Macromolecules 33:8344–8353

    Google Scholar 

  • Babaee M, Jonoobi M, Hamzeh Y, Ashori A (2015) Biodegradability and mechanical properties of reinforced starch nanocomposites using cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 132:1–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besbes I, Alila S, Boufi S (2011) Nanofibrillated cellulose from TEMPO-oxidized eucalyptus fibres: effect of the carboxyl content. Carbohydr Polym 84:975–983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla J, Atarés L, Vargas M, Chiralt A (2013) Properties of wheat starch film-forming dispersions and films as affected by chitosan addition. J Food Eng 114:303–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho AJF (2008) Chapter 15—starch: major sources, properties and applications as thermoplastic materials. In: Monomers polymers & composites from renewable resources, pp 321–342

  • Chen J, Long Z, Wang J, Wu M, Wang F, Wang B, Lv W (2017) Preparation and properties of microcrystalline cellulose/hydroxypropyl starch composite films. Cellulose 24:4449–4459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chirayil CJ, Joy J, Mathew L, Mozetic M, Koetz J, Thomas S (2014) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from Helicteres isora plant. Ind Crops Prod 59:27–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deepa B, Abraham E, Cordeiro N, Mozetic M, Mathew AP, Oksman K, Faria M, Thomas S, Pothan LA, Universitet LT, Matematik IFRT, Materialvetenskap (2015) Utilization of various lignocellulosic biomass for the production of nanocellulose: a comparative study. Cellulose 22:1075–1090

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faradilla RHF, Lee G, Rawal A, Hutomo T, Stenzel MH, Arcot J (2016) Nanocellulose characteristics from the inner and outer layer of banana pseudo-stem prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Cellulose 23:1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French AD (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21:885–896

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French AD, Santiago Cintrón M (2013) Cellulose polymorphy, crystallite size, and the Segal Crystallinity Index. Cellulose 20:583–588

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García NL, Ribba L, Dufresne A, Aranguren MI, Goyanes S (2010) Physico-mechanical properties of biodegradable starch nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng 294:169–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang F, Hsieh Y (2015) Self-assembling of TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibrils as affected by protonation of surface carboxyls and drying methods. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:1041–1049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karimi S (2014) A comparative study on characteristics of nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic starch biofilms prepared with different techniques. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 29:41–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushik A, Kaur R (2016) Thermoplastic starch nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals: effect of plasticizer on properties. Compos Interfaces 23:1–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushik A, Singh M, Verma G (2010) Green nanocomposites based on thermoplastic starch and steam exploded cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw. Carbohydr Polym 82:337–345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalil HPSA, Bhat AH, Yusra AFI (2012) Green composites from sustainable cellulose nanofibrils: a review. Carbohydr Polym 87:963–979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Li D, Wang LJ, Adhikari B (2015) Creep behavior of starch-based nanocomposite films with cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 117:957–963

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal A, Chakrabarty D (2011) Isolation of nanocellulose from waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and its characterization. Carbohydr Polym 86:1291–1299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Max J, Chapados C (2004) Infrared spectroscopy of aqueous carboxylic acids: comparison between different acids and their salts. J Phys Chem A 108:3324–3337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montero B, Rico M, Rodríguez-Llamazares S, Barral L, Bouza R (2016) Effect of nanocellulose as a filler on biodegradable thermoplastic starch films from tuber, cereal and legume. Carbohydr Polym 157:1094–1104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peressini D, Bravin B, Lapasin R, Rizzotti C, Sensidoni A (2003) Starch–methylcellulose based edible films: rheological properties of film-forming dispersions. J Food Eng 59:25–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sacui IA, Nieuwendaal RC, Burnett DJ, Stranick SJ, Jorfi M, Weder C, Foster EJ, Olsson RT, Gilman JW (2014) Comparison of the properties of cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils isolated from bacteria, tunicate, and wood processed using acid, enzymatic, mechanical, and oxidative methods. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:6127–6138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saito T, Kimura S, Nishiyama Y, Isogai A (2007) Cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules 8:2485–2491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santana JS, Do Rosário JM, Pola CC, Otoni CG, Camilloto GP, Cruz RS (2016) Cassava starch-based nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanofibers extracted from sisal. J Appl Polym Sci 134:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Savadekar NR, Mhaske ST (2012) Synthesis of nano cellulose fibers and effect on thermoplastics starch based films. Carbohydr Polym 89:146–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segal L, Creely JJ, Martin AE Jr, Conrad CM (1959) Crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 10:786–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu M, Saito T, Fukuzumi H, Isogai A (2014) Hydrophobic, ductile, and transparent nanocellulose films with quaternary alkylammonium carboxylates on nanofibril surfaces. Biomacromolecules 15:4320–4325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shinoda R, Saito T, Okita Y, Isogai A (2012) Relationship between length and degree of polymerization of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils. Biomacromolecules 13:842–849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabarsa T, Sheykhnazari S, Ashori A, Mashkour M, Khazaeian A (2017) Preparation and characterization of reinforced papers using nano bacterial cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 101:334–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Liu F, Jiang L, Zhu JY, Haagenson D, Wiesenborn DP (2013) Cellulose nanocrystals vs. cellulose nanofibrils: a comparative study on their microstructures and effects as polymer reinforcing agents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:2999–3009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Liu Y, Fang C, Min Z, Zhou C, Chen Z (2006) Water resistance, mechanical properties and biodegradability of methylated-cornstarch/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend film. Polym Degrad Stab 91:703–711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou YM, Fu SY, Zheng LM, Zhan HY (2012) Effect of nanocellulose isolation techniques on the formation of reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite films. Express Polym Lett 6:794–804

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province (No. 2017B090901064), the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou (No. 201607020045).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Qifeng Chen, Yayun Liu & Guangxue Chen

Authors
  1. Qifeng Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yayun Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Guangxue Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guangxue Chen.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, Q., Liu, Y. & Chen, G. A comparative study on the starch-based biocomposite films reinforced by nanocellulose prepared from different non-wood fibers. Cellulose 26, 2425–2435 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02254-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02254-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation