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Nanocellulose characteristics from the inner and outer layer of banana pseudo-stem prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation

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Abstract

Many tonnes of agricultural wastes are generated annually, which contains a relatively high amount of cellulose; banana pseudo-stem is one waste type that is a promising material for nanocellulose production. This research characterised nanocellulose from inner and outer layers of banana pseudo-stem as a preliminary research strategy for designing biodegradable packaging material from banana pseudo-stem nanocellulose. Nanocellulose was successfully prepared through TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl)-mediated oxidation. The extracted nanocellulose from both the inner and outer layers had observed widths of approximately 7–35 nm and long fibrillated fibre. They had high negative zeta potential (lower than −33.6) that provided good colloidal stability. The purity of the nanocellulose was high as demonstrated by 13C solid-state NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Nanocellulose from both layers was significantly more crystalline than the raw materials. Thermal stability of nanocellulose sourced from inner and outer layers was relatively similar, with degradation temperature of approximately 220 °C, which was slightly lower than the degradation temperature of its native form (232 °C for inner layer and 261 °C for outer layer).

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(Isogai et al. 2011)

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Dr. George Srzednicki for his kindness in assisting with the raw material supply, Mark Wainwright of the Analytical Centre for the electron microscope unit at the University of New South Wales, and the NMR facility of the Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre for access to the solid state NMR spectrometers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ARC Training Centre for Advanced Technologies in Food Manufacture, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia

    R. H. Fitri Faradilla, George Lee, Try Hutomo & Jayashree Arcot

  2. Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia

    Aditya Rawal

  3. Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design; School of Chemistry, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia

    Martina H. Stenzel

Authors
  1. R. H. Fitri Faradilla
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  2. George Lee
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  4. Try Hutomo
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  5. Martina H. Stenzel
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  6. Jayashree Arcot
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jayashree Arcot.

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Fig. S1

XRD spectra of the banana pseudo-stem nanocellulose from the outer layer (O2) and the acid-treated banana pseudo-stem cellulose (AT). AT was prepared by hydrolysing the bleached banana pseudo-stem from the outer layer with 1 % H2SO4 for 2 h at 60 °C. (TIFF 384 kb)

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Faradilla, R.H.F., Lee, G., Rawal, A. et al. Nanocellulose characteristics from the inner and outer layer of banana pseudo-stem prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Cellulose 23, 3023–3037 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1025-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1025-8

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