Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bacteriostatic photocatalytic properties of cotton modified with TiO2 and TiO2/aminopropyltriethoxysilane

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Cellulose Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A new route for the functionalization of cotton fibres with organic–inorganic hybrid materials is proposed using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TiP) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities of the new cotton finishes based on titania and mixed titania/amino-silica hybrids were tested by monitoring the growth of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) on the surfaces of functionalized fabrics under exposure to UV radiation and in the dark. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the amorphous nature of the hybrids and confirmed their similarity to other bactericidal aminofunctionalized polymers. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectra showed the protonated amino groups of the APTES in the TiP/APTES hybrid and the presence of Si–O–Ti bonding within the sol–gel hybrids between silica and titania by analogy with previous transmission and ATR infrared studies. Several analytical techniques were employed to establish the presence of the TiP and TiP/APTES modified cotton fibres. ATR measurements proved to be a very useful tool to study also the silane/–C–OH interactions between the hybrid materials and the cotton fibres, revealing the presence of covalent (i.e., –Si–O–C–) bonding with the OH functional group of cellulose. The advantages of the cotton finishes were demonstrated by the measured photocatalytic bacteriostatic effect, which persisted even after 15 washings; in contrast, the aminofunctionalized polymeric finishes, only showed a sufficient bacteriostatic effect. Furthermore, the TiP finishes were photocatalytically active, while the TiP/APTES finishes were not. The ultraviolet protective factor, degree of polymerization of the finished cotton samples were also investigated and revealed the suitability of the proposed method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdelmouleh M, Boufi S, ben Salah A, Belgacem MN, Gandini A (2002) Interaction of silane coupling agents with cellulose. Langmuir 18:3203–3208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aizawa M, Nosaka Y, Fujii N (1991) FT-IR Liquid attenuated total reflection study of TiO2–SiO2 sol–gel reaction. J Non-Cryst Solids 128:77–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angeloni L, Marzocch MP, Hadzi D, Orel B, Sbrana G (1974) Symmetric hydrogen bonding—infrared-absorption spectrum of potassium hydrogen succinate single-crystal. Chem Phys Lett 28:201–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arkles BC, Larson GL (2004) Silicon compounds: silanes and silicones: a survey of properties and chemistry. Gelest Inc, Morrisville

    Google Scholar 

  • Avbelj F, Orel B, Klanjsek M, Hadzi D (1985) Vibrational-spectra of potassium hydrogen maleate crystal and solution. Spectrochim Acta A 41:75–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacsa RR, Grätzel M (1996) Rutile formation in hydrothermally crystallized nanosized titania. J Am Ceram Soc 79:2185–2188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belgacem MN, Czeremuszkin G, Sapieha S, Gandini A (1995) Surface characterization of cellulose fibres by XPS and inverse gas chromatography. Cellulose 2:145–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy LJ (1954) The infra-red spectra of complex molecules. Methuen, London (New York: Wiley)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinker CJ, Scherer GW (1990) Sol–gel science: the physics and chemistry of sol–gel processing. Academic Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks RE, Moore SB (2000) Alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching of cellulose. Cellulose 7:263–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castellano M, Gandini A, Fabbri P, Belgacem MN (2004) Modification of cellulose fibres with organosilanes: Under what conditions does coupling occur? J Colloid Interface Sci 273:505–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Čepin M, Jovanovski V, Podlogar M, Crnjak Orel Z (2015) Amino- and ionic liquid-functionalised nanocrystalline ZnO via silane anchoring—an antimicrobial synergy. J Mater Chem B 3:1059–1067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chemseddine A, Moritz T (1999) Nanostructuring titania: Control over nanocrystal structure, size, shape, and organization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2:235–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung C, Lee M, Choe EK (2004) Characterization of cotton fabric scouring by FT-IR ATR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 58:417–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colleoni C, Massafra MR, Rosace G (2012) Photocatalytic properties and optical characterization of cotton fabric coated via sol–gel with non-crystalline TiO2 modified with poly(ethylene glycol). Surf Coat Technol 2017:79–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Čolović M, Jerman I, Gaberšček M, Orel B (2011) POSS based ionic liquid as an electrolyte for hybrid electrochromic devices. Sol Energy Mater Sol C 95:3472–3481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels MW, Francis LF (1998) Silane adsorption behavior, microstructure, and properties of glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane-modified colloidal silica coatings. J Colloid Interface Sci 205:191–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daoud WA, Xin JH, Zhang YH (2005) Surface functionalization of cellulose fibers with titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their combined bactericidal activities. Surf Sci 599:69–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan J, Kasper DL (2011) Oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Glycobiology 21:401–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fir M, Orel B, Vuk AS, Vilčnik A, Ješe R, Francetič V (2007) Corrosion studies and interfacial bonding of urea/poly(dimethylsiloxane) sol/gel hydrophobic coatings on AA 2024 aluminum alloy. Langmuir 23:5505–5514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujishima A, Hashimoto K, Watanabe T (1999) TiO2 photocatalysis—fundamentals and applications. BKC Inc, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukatsu K, Kokot S, Schweinsberg DP (1999) Bleaching of cotton fabric with electrogenerated oxygen—the role of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Text Res J 69:769–775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galkina OL, Sycheva A, Blagodatskiy A, Kaptay G, Katanaev VL, Seisenbaeva GA, Kessler VG, Agafonov AV (2014) The sol–gel synthesis of cotton/TiO2 composites and their antibacterial properties. Surf Coat Technol 253:171–179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadzi D, Orel B (1973) OH-stretching band of acid salts of carboxylic-acids and symmetry of hydrogen-bond. J Mol Struct 18:227–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinterstoisser B, Salmén L (1999) Two-dimensional step-scan FT-IR: a tool to unravel the OH-valency-range of the spectrum of Cellulose I. Cellulose 6:251–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinterstoisser B, Akerholm M, Salmén L (2001) Effect of fiber orientation in dynamic FT-IR study on native cellulose. Carbohydr Res 334:27–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstetter K, Hinterstoisser B, Salmén L (2006) Moisture uptake in native cellulose—the roles of different hydrogen bonds: a dynamic FT-IR study using Deuterium exchange. Cellulose 13:131–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horner MR, Boerio FJ, Clearfield HM (1992) An XPS investigation of the adsorption of aminosilanes onto metal substrates. J Adhes Sci Technol 6:1–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu C, Guo J, Qu J, Hu X (2007) Photocatalytic degradation of pathogenic bacteria with AgI/TiO2 under visible light irradiation. Langmuir 23:4982–4987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibáñez JA, Litter MI, Pizarro RA (2003) Photocatalytic bactericidal effect of TiO2 on Enterobacter cloacae: comparative study with other Gram (−) bacteria. J Photochem Photobiol, A 15:81–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isquith AJ, Abbott EA, Walters PA (1972) Surface-bonded antimicrobial activity of an organosilicon quaternary ammonium chloride. Appl Microbiol 24:859–863

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jerman I, Vuk AU, Kozelj M, Orel B, Kovac J (2008) A structural and corrosion study of triethoxysilyl functionalized POSS coatings on AA 2024 alloy. Langmuir 24:5029–5037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jerman I, Mihelčič M, Koželj M, Orel B (2012) Sol–gel based spectrally selective solar absorber coatings and the process for producing said coatings. WO 2013/158049

  • Kikuchi Y, Sunada K, Iyoda T, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A (1997) Photocatalytic bactericidal effect of TiO2 thin films: dynamic view of the active oxygen species responsible for the effect. J Photochem Photobiol, A 106:51–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiwi J, Nadtochenko V (2005) Evidence for the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of the bacterial wall membrane at the TiO2 interface by ATR-FTIR and laser kinetic spectroscopy. Langmuir 21:4631–4641

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotani Y, Matsuda A, Tatsumisago M, Minami T, Umezawa T, Kogure T (2000) Formation of anatase nanocrystals in sol–gel derived TiO2–SiO2 thin films with hot water treatment. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 19:585–588

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kowal K, Cronin P, Dworniczek E, Zeglinski J, Tiernan P, Wawrzynska M, Podbielska H, Tofail SAM (2014) Biocidal effect and durability of nano-TiO2 coated textiles to combat hospital acquired infections. RSC Adv 4:19945–19952

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koželj M, Vuk AS, Jerman I, Orel B (2009) Corrosion protection of Sunselect, a spectrally selective solar absorber coating, by (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane. Sol Energy Mater Sol C 93:1733–1742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ku H, Wang H, Pattarachaiyakoop N, Trada M (2011) A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part B Eng 4:856–873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar K-NP, Kumar J, Keizer K (1994) Effect of Peptization on densification and phase-transformation behavior of sol–gel-derived nanostructured titania. J Am Ceram Soc 77:1396–1400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Pandey AK, Singh SS, Shanker R, Dhawan A (2011) Engineered ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and DNA damage leading to reduced viability of Escherichia coli. Free Radical Biol Med 51:1872–1881

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langlet M, Kim A, Audier M, Herrmann JM (2002) Sol–gel preparation of photocatalytic TiO2 films on polymer substrates. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 25:223–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langlet M, Kim A, Audier M, Guillard C, Herrmann JM (2003) Liquid phase processing and thin film deposition of titania nanocrystallites for photocatalytic applications on thermally sensitive substrates. J Mater Sci 38:3945–3953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Hou B, Xu Y, Wu D, Sun Y (2005) Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic performance of silica-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 288:149–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Mahendra S, Lyon DY, Brunet L, Liga MV, Li D, Alvarez PJJ (2008) Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications. Water Res 42:4591–4602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linsebigler AL, Lu G, Zates JT (1995) Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces—principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem Rev 95:745–758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu P, Duan W, Wang Q, Li X (2010) The damage of outer membrane of Escherichia coli in the presence of TiO2 combined with UV light. Colloid Surface B 78:171–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Z-X, Zhou L, Zhang Z-L, Shi W-L, Xie Z-X, Xie H-Y, Pang D-W, Shen P (2003) Cell damage induced by photocatalysis of TiO2 thin films. Langmuir 19:8765–8768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahltig B, Böttcher H, Rauch K, Dieckmann U, Nitsche R, Fritz T (2005) Optimized UV protective coatings by combination of organic and inorganic UV absorbers. Thin Solid Films 485:108–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahltig B, Gutmann E, Meyer DC, Reibold M, Dresler B, Günther K, Faßler D, Böttcher H (2007) Solvothermal preparation of metallized titania sols for photocatalytic and antimicrobial coating. J Mater Chem 17:2367–2374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malešič J, Kolar J, Strlič M, Kočar D, Fromageot D, Leamaire J, Haillant O (2005) Photo-induced degradation of cellulose. Polym Degrad Stab 89:64–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maness PC, Smolinski S, Blake DM, Huang Z, Wolfrum EJ, Jacoby WA (1999) Bactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO2 reaction: toward an understanding of its killing mechanism. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4094–4098

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maréchal Y, Chanzy H (2000) The hydrogen bond network in Iβ cellulose as observed by infrared spectrometry. J Mol Struct 523:183–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda A, Kotani Y, Kogure T, Tatsumisago M, Minami T (2000) Transparent anatase nanocomposite films by the sol–gel process at low temperatures. J Am Ceram Soc 83:229–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda A, Matoda T, Kotani Y, Kogure T, Tatsumisago M, Minami T (2003) Evaluation of photocatalytic activity of transparent anatase nanocrystals-dispersed silica films prepared by the sol–gel process with hot water treatment. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 26:517–521

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsunaga T, Tomoda R, Nakajima T, Nakamura N, Komine T (1988) Continuous-sterilization system that uses photosemiconductor powders. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:1330–1333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mihailović D, Šaponjić Z, Radoičić M, Lazović S, Baily CJ, Jovančić P, Nedeljković J, Radetić M (2011) Functionalization of cotton fabrics with corona/air RF plasma and colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles. Cellulose 18:811–825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mihelčič M, Francetič V, Pori P, Gradišar H, Kovač J, Orel B (2014) Electrochromic coatings made of surface modified rutile and anatase pigments: influence of trisilanol POSS dispersant on electrochromic effect. Appl Surf Sci 313:484–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milović NM, Wang J, Lewis K, Klibanov AM (2005) Immobilized N-alkylated polyethylenimine avidly kills bacteria by rupturing cell membranes with no resistance developed. Biotechnol Bioeng 90:715–722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moulder JF, Stickle WF, Sobol PE, Bomben KD (1995) Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Physical Electronics Inc., Eden Prairie

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadtochenko VA, Sarkisov OM, Nikandrov VV, Chubukov PA, Denisov NN (2008) Inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in the photocatalytic process on nanosized TiO2 crystals. Russ J Phys Chem B 2:105–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Nur H (2006) Modification of titanium surface species of titania by attachment of silica nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng B Solid 133:49–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson AM, Salmén L (2004) The association of water to cellulose and hemicellulose in paper examined by FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 339:813–818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orel B, Ješe R, Stangar UL, Grdadolnik J, Puchberger M (2005a) Infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy studies of aprotic condensation of (EtO)(3)Si-R-Si(OEt)(3) and R-Si(OEt)(3) systems with carboxylic acids. J Non-Cryst Solids 351:530–549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orel B, Ješe R, Vilčnik A, Stangar UL (2005b) Hydrolysis and solvolysis of methyltriethoxysilane catalyzed with HCl or trifluoroacetic acid: IR spectroscopic and surface energy studies. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 34:251–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panarin EF, Solovskii MV, Ékzemplyarov ON (1971) Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of polymers containing quaternary ammonium groups. Pharm Chem J 5:406–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puzenat E, Pichat P (2003) Studying TiO2 coatings on silica-covered glass by O2 photosorption measurements and FTIR–ATR spectrometry: correlation with the self-cleaning efficacy. J Photochem Photobiol, A 160:127–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi K, Daud WA, Xin JH, Mak CL, Tang W, Cheung WP (2006) Self-cleaning cotton. J Mater Chem 16:4567–4576

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radetić M (2013) Functionalization of textile materials with TiO2 nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol, C 16:62–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen JS, Barsberg S, Felby C (2014a) Complex between lignin and a Ti-based coupling agent. Holzforschung 68:541–548

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen JS, Barsberg S, Venas TM, Felby C (2014b) Assessment of covalent bond formation between coupling agents and wood by FTIR spectroscopy and pull strength tests. Holzforschung 68:799–805

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito T, Iwase T, Horie J, Morioka T (1992) Mode of photocatalytic bactericidal action of powdered semiconductor TiO2 on mutans streptococci. J Photochem Photobiol, B 14:369–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saravanan D (2007) UV protection textile materials. AUTEX Res J 7:53–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Schraml-Marth M, Walther KL, Wokaun A, Handy BE, Baiker A (1992) Porous silica gels and TiO2/SiO2 mixed oxides prepared via the sol-gel process: characterization by spectroscopic techniques. J Non-Cryst Solids 143:93–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simončič B, Tomšič B, Černe L, Orel B, Jerman I, Kovač J, Žerjav M, Simončič A (2012) Multifunctional water and oil repellent ant antimicrobial properties of finished cotton: influence of sol–gel finishing procedure. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 61:340–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simončič B, Hadžić S, Vasiljević J, Černe L, Tomšič B, Jerman I, Orel B, Medved J (2014) Tailoring of multifunctional cellulose fibres with “lotus effect” and flame retardant properties. Cellulose 21:595–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian E, Subbulakshmi S, Murugan C (2014) Inter-relationship between nanostructures of conducting polyaniline and the photocatalytic methylene blue degradation efficiencies of its hybrid composites with anatase TiO2. Mater Res Bull 51:128–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunada K, Kikuchi Y, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A (1998) Bactericidal and detoxification effects of TiO2 thin film photocatalysts. Environ Sci Technol 32:726–728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunada K, Watanabe T, Hashimoto K (2003) Studies on photokilling of bacteria on TiO2 thin film. J Photochem Photobiol, A 156:227–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thevenot P, Cho J, Wavhal D, Timmons RB, Tang L (2008) Surface chemistry influences cancer killing effect of TiO2 nanoparticles. Nanomed Nanotechnol 4:226–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timofeeva L, Kleshcheva N (2011) Antimicrobial polymers: mechanism of action, factors of activity, and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 89:475–492

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomšič B, Klemenčič D, Simončič B, Orel B (2011) Influence of antimicrobial finishes on the biodeterioration of cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics: leaching versus bio-barrier formation. Polym Degrad Stab 96:1286–1296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tshabalala MA, Kingshott P, VanLandingham MR, Plackett D (2003) Surface chemistry and moisture sorption properties of wood coated with multifunctional alkoxysilanes by sol-gel process. J Appl Polym Sci 88:2828–2841

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuboi M (1957) Infrared spectrum and crystal structure of cellulose. J Polym Sci 25:159–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valadez-Gonzalez A, Cervantes-Uc JM, Olayo R, Herrera-Franco PJ (1999) Chemical modification of henequén fibers with an organosilane coupling agent. Compos Part B Eng 30:321–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasiljević J, Tomšič B, Jerman I, Orel B, Jakša G, Simončič B (2014) Novel multifunctional water- and oil-repellent, antibacterial, and flame-retardant cellulose fibres created by the sol–gel process. Cellulose 21:2611–2623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasiljević J, Jerman I, Jakša G, Alongi J, Malucelli G, Zorko M, Tomšič B, Simončič B (2015) Functionalization of cellulose fibres with DOPO-polysilsesquioxane flame retardant nanocoating. Cellulose. doi:10.1007/s10570-015-0599-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilčnik A, Jerman I, Vuk AS, Koželj M, Orel B, Tomšič B, Simončič B, Kovač J (2009) Structural properties and antibacterial effects of hydrophobic and oleophobic sol–gel coatings for cotton fabrics. Langmuir 25:5869–5880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vince J, Orel B, Vilčnik A, Fir M, Vuk AS, Jovanovski V, Simončič B (2006) Structural and water-repellent properties of a urea/poly(dimethylsiloxane) sol–gel hybrid and its bonding to cotton fabric. Langmuir 22:6489–6497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuk AS, Ješe R, Orel B, Dražič G (2005) The effect of surface hydroxyl groups on the adsorption properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 films. Int J Photoenergy 7:163–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuk AS, Ješe R, Gaberšček M, Orel B, Dražič G (2006) Structural and spectroelectrochemical (UV–Vis and IR) studies of nanocrystalline sol–gel derived TiO2 films. Sol Energy Mater Sol C 90:452–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walrafen GE, Klein PH (1987) Infrared investigation of hydrogen-bonding on the surface of beryllium fluoride glass. J Chem Phys 86:6515–6522

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Li G, Peng H, Zhang Z (2005) Study on novel antibacterial high-impact polystyrene/TiO2 nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 40:6433–6438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waschinski CJ, Tiller JC (2005) Poly(oxazoline)s with telechelic antimicrobial functions. Biomacromolecules 6:235–243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie YJ, Hill CAS, Xiao ZF, Militz H, Mai C (2010) Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer composites: a review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 41:806–819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xue CH, Jia ST, Zhang J, Tian LQ (2009) Superhydrophobic surfaces on cotton textiles by complex coating of silica nanoparticles and hydrophobization. Thin Solid Films 517:4593–4598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yun YJ, Chung JS, Kim S, Hahn SH, Kim EJ (2004) Low-temperature coating of sol–gel anatase thin films. Mater Lett 58:3703–3706

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu P, Sui SY, Wang B, Sun K, Sun G (2004) A study of pyrolysis and pyrolysis products of flame-retardant cotton fabrics by DSC, TGA, and PY-GC-MS. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 71:645–655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zollinger H (1991) Color chemistry: syntheses, properties and applications of organicdyes and pigments, 2nd edn. VCH Publisher, Weinheim/New York/Basel, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Authors dedicate this article to doc. Dr. Vojmir Francetič who sadly passed away during the preparation of this work. This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (Programmes P2-0213 and P2-0393). The authors would like to thank dr. Urban Novak from the National Institute of Chemistry for performing the IR spectroscopic measurements.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Textiles, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Brigita Tomšič & Barbara Simončič

  2. National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Vasko Jovanovski, Boris Orel & Mohor Mihelčič

  3. Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Mohor Mihelčič

  4. Institut Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Janez Kovač

  5. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Vojmir Francetič

Authors
  1. Brigita Tomšič
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vasko Jovanovski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Boris Orel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohor Mihelčič
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Janez Kovač
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Vojmir Francetič
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Barbara Simončič
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Boris Orel or Barbara Simončič.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tomšič, B., Jovanovski, V., Orel, B. et al. Bacteriostatic photocatalytic properties of cotton modified with TiO2 and TiO2/aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Cellulose 22, 3441–3463 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0696-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0696-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation