Abstract
Background
There has been an increase in externalizing problem behaviour in Vietnam over the last decade and parenting has been considered an important factor in the development of problem behaviour in adolescents in Western countries. However, few studies addressed parenting in a Vietnamese context, which may be due to the lack of a validated questionnaire.
Objective
The present study aims to translate and validate a Vietnamese version of the Parental Behavior Scale-Short form (PBS-S) and the Psychological Control Scale (PCS).
Method
We collected data from 529 Vietnamese parents (60% mothers; Mage = 39.50, SD = 5.25), who have children from 10 to 14 years old. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to investigate the factor structure of the combined parenting questionnaires. Afterwards, the subscales Emotional Symptoms, Conduct Problems, and Prosocial Behavior from the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire were used to establish criterion (i.e., convergent and divergent) validity.
Results
The combination of items of the PBS-S and PCS resulted in a six-factor structure representing the original six scales (PBS-S: Positive Parenting, Discipline, Punishment, Material Reward and Rule Setting; PCS: Psychological Control).
Conclusions
The Vietnamese version of the PBS-S and PCS proved to be valid and will be useful to investigate the perception of Vietnamese parents on their parenting behaviour and the association with psychosocial outcome measures in Vietnamese adolescents.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x.
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95.
Bornstein, M. H. (1989). Between caretakers and their young: Two models of interaction and their consequences for cognitive growth. In M. H. Bornstein & J. S. Bruner (Eds.), Interaction in human development (pp. 197–214). Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). The bioecological theory of human development. In U. Bronfenbrenner (Ed.), Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development (pp. 3–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21, 230–258.
Chen, F. F. (2008). What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1005–1018. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013193.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.
Del Vecchio, T., Jersualmi, D., & Terjesen, M. D. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of the Parenting Scale in a Vietnamese sample. International Journal of Psychology, 52, 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12242.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 646–718). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: SAGE.
Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 453–469.
Gershoff, E. T., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Zelli, A., Deater-Deckard, K., et al. (2010). Parent discipline practices in an international sample: Assocations with child behaviours and moderation by perceived normativeness. Child Development, 81, 487–502.
Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586.
Hang, N. T. T., & Tam, T. N. T. M. (2013). School violence evidence from young lives in Vietnam. Vietnam Policy Paper, 1.
Ho, C., Bluestein, D. N., & Jenkins, J. M. (2008). Cultural differences in the relationship between parenting and children’s behaviour. Developmental Psychology, 44, 507–522. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.507.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
IBM Corp. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Janssens, A., Goossens, L., Van Den Noortgate, W., Colpin, H., Verschueren, K., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2015). Parents’ and adolescents’ perspectives on parenting: Evaluating conceptual structure, measurement invariance, and criterion validity. Assessment, 22, 473–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191114550477.
Janssens, A., Van Den Noortgate, W., Goossens, L., Verschueren, K., Colpin, H., Claes, S., et al. (2017). Adolescent externalizing behaviour, psychological control, and peer rejection: Transactional links and dopaminergic moderation. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 35, 420–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12184.
Kenny, D. (2015). Measuring model fit. http://davidakenny.net/cm/fit.htm#null.
Leung, J. T. Y., & Shek, D. T. L. (2014). Parent-adolescent discrepancies in perceived parenting characteristics in adolescent developmental outcomes in poor Chinese families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 200–213.
Manrique Millones, D. L., Ghesquière, P., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2014). Evaluation of a parental behaviour scale in a Peruvian context. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 885–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9744-z.
Meunier, J.-C., & Roskam, I. (2007). Psychometric properties of a parental childrearing behaviour scale for French-speaking parents, children, and adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.2.113.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user’s guide, 7th edn. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén
Pastorelli, C., Lansford, J. E., Kanacri, B. P., Malone, P. S., Di Giunta, L., Bacchini, D., et al. (2016). Positive parenting and children’s prosocial behaviour in eight countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 824–834. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12477.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioural research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R., & Snyder, J. (2002). Antisocial behaviour in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Sorkhabi, N. (2012). Parent socialization effects in different cultures: Significance of directive parenting. Psychological Reports, 110, 854–878.
Stevens, J. P. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Stone, L. L., Otten, R., Engels, R. C. M. E., Vermulst, A. A., & Janssens, J. M. A. M. (2010). Psychometric properties of the parent and teacher versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for 4- to 12-year-olds: A review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13, 254–274.
Van Leeuwen, K. G., & Vermulst, A. A. (2004). Some psychometric properties of the Ghent parental behaviour scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20, 283–298.
Van Leeuwen, K., & Vermulst, A. (2010). De verkorte versie van de Schaal voor Ouderlijk Gedrag. [Shortened version of the Parental Behaviour Scale]. Internal report, not published. Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit
Van Widenfelt, B. M., Treffers, P. D. A., de Beurs, E., Siebelink, B. M., & Koudijs, E. (2005). Translation of cross-cultural adaptation of assessment instruments used in psychological research with children and families. Clincial Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-005-4752-1.
Vu, B. T., Petry, K., & Bosmans, G. (2016). Peer victimization and emotional problems in Vietnamese children: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3, 143–154. ISSN 2348-5396
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Martijn Van Heel and Ba Tuan Vu were involved in the conceptualization of the study. Dung Tien Hoang collected the data. Martijn Van Heel drafted the article and Ba Tuan Vu, Guy Bosmans, Katja Petry, and Karla Van Leeuwen revised the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Access to Data
The corresponding author takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Van Heel, M., Vu, B.T., Bosmans, G. et al. Parenting Practices in Vietnam: An Investigation of the Psychometric Properties of the PBS-S and PCS. Child Youth Care Forum 48, 111–125 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-018-9469-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-018-9469-7