Abstract
Root rot caused by Fusarium solani, is one of the most severe diseases in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Grafting has been attempted as an effective means to control the disease, but little is known about the disease resistance mechanism in grafted pepper. Therefore, we investigated the changes of biomass, cell structure, and the secondary metabolism in roots of control (non-grafted pepper) and grafted peppers using cvs. Weishi and Buyeding as rootstocks and the cv. Xinfeng 2 as a scion. After a manual inoculation, less F. solani invaded grafted pepper roots and consequently less serious injury to the root cell ultra-structure compared with the control was found. The roots of grafted pepper infected with F. solani exhibited greater biomass production and root activity than the roots of infected controls. Grafting led to an increased content of salicylic acid, benzoic acid, vanillin, lignin, and polyamines, as well as activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenoloxidase, and peroxidase. These results suggest that grafting improved the resistance of peppers to root rot.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BYD:
-
Buyeding
- DI:
-
disease index
- PAL:
-
phenylalanine ammonia lyase
- PAs:
-
polyamines
- POD:
-
peroxidase
- PPO:
-
polyphenoloxidase
- Put:
-
putrescine
- SA:
-
salicylic acid
- Spd:
-
spermidine
- Spm:
-
spermine
- WS:
-
Weishi
- XF:
-
Xifeng 2
References
Anwar, M., Majumder S., Shetty H.: Changes in phenolic acids in sorghum and maize leaves infected with Peronosclerospora sorghi. — Indian Phytopathol. 48: 21–26, 1995.
Bharti, N., Deepti Yadav, D., Barnawal, D., Maji, D., Kalra, A.: Exiguobacterium oxidotolerans, a halotolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, improves yield and content of secondary metabolites in Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell under primary and secondary salt stress. — World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29: 379–387, 2013.
Classen, D., Arnason, J.T., Serratos, J.A., Lambert, J.D.H., Nozzolillo, C., Philogène, B.J.R.: Correlation of phenolic acid content of maize to resistance to Sitophilus zeamais, the maize weevil, in CIMMYT'S collections. — J. chem. Ecol. 16: 301–315, 1990.
Ferrat, L., Pergent-Martini, C., Roméo, M.: Assessment of the use of biomarkers in aquatic plants for the evaluation of environmental quality: application to seagrasses. — Aquat. Toxicol. 65: 187–204, 2003.
Gisbert, C., Sánchez-Torres, P., Raigón, M.D., Nuez, F.: Phytophthora capsici resistance evaluation in pepper hybrids: agronomic performanceand fruit quality of pepper grafted plants. — J. Food Agr. Environ. 8: 116–121, 2010.
Iiyama, K., Wallis, A.F.A.: Determination of lignin in herbaceous plants by an improved acetyl bromide procedure. — J. Sci. Food Agr. 51: 145–161, 1990.
Iriti, M., Faoro, F.: Ozone-induced changes in plant secondary metabolism. - climate change and crops. - Environ. Sci. Engin. 245–268, 2009.
Jang, Y., Yang, E., Cho, M., Um, Y., Ko, K., Chun, C.: Effect of grafting on growth and incidence of phytophthora blight and bacterial wilt of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). — Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 53: 9–19, 2012.
Jiang, F., Liu, Y., Ai, X., Zheng, N., Wang, H.: [Study on relationship among microorganism, enzymes’ activity in rhizosphere soil and root rot resistance of grafted capsicum.] - Scientia agr. sin. 43: 3367–3374, 2010. [In Chin.]
King, S.R., Davis, A.R., Liu, W., Levi, A.: Grafting for disease resistance. — HortScience 43: 1673–1676, 2008.
Lee, J.M.: Cultivation of grafted vegetables. I. Current status, grafting methods, and benefits. — HortScience 29: 235–239, 1994.
Lee, J.M., Kubota, C., Tsaoc, S.J., Bied, Z., Echevarriae, P. H., Morraf, L., Oda, M.: Current status of vegetable grafting: diffusion, grafting techniques, automation. — Sci. Hort. 127: 93–105, 2010.
López-Marín, J., Gonzáleza, A., Pérez-Alfoceab, F., Egea-Gilabertc, C., Fernández, J. A.: Grafting is an efficient alternative to shading screens to alleviate thermal stress in greenhouse-grown sweet pepper. — Sci. Hort. 149: 39–46, 2013.
Mohammadi, M., Kazemi, H.: Changes in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities in susceptible and resistant wheat heads inoculated with Fusarium graminearum and induced resistance. — Plant Sci. 162: 491–498, 2002.
Olsen, K.M., Lea, U.S., Slimestad, R., Verheul, M., Lillo, C.: Differential expression of four Arabidopsis PAL genes; PAL1 and PAL2 have functional specialization in abiotic environmental-triggered flavonoid synthesis. — J. Plant Physiol. 165: 1491–1499, 2008.
Omran, R.G.: Peroxide levels and the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and indoleacetic acid oxidase during and after chilling cucumber seedlings. — Plant Physiol. 65: 407–408, 1980.
Pourcel, L., Routaboul, J.-M., Cheynier, V., Lepiniec, L., Debeaujon, I.: Flavonoid oxidation in plants: from biochemical properties to physiological functions. — Trends Plant Sci. 12: 29–36, 2007.
Proestos, C., Chorianopoulos, N., Nychas, G.-J.E., Komaitis, M.: RP-HPLC analysis of the phenolic compounds of plant extracts investigation of their antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. — J. Agr. Food Chem. 53: 1190–1195, 2005.
Rao, P.U., Deosthale Y. G.: Polyphenoloxidase activity in germinated legume seeds. — J. Food Sci. 52: 1549–1551, 1987.
Ruf, M., Brunner, I.: Vitality of tree fine roots: reevaluation of the tetrazolium test. — Tree Physiol. 23: 257–263, 2003.
Santos, H., Goto, R.: Sweet pepper grafting to control Phytophthora blight under protected cultivation. — Horticult. brasil. 22: 45–49, 2004.
Sharma, P., Rajam, M.: Spatial and temporal changes in endogenous polyamine levels associated with somatic embryogenesis from different hypocotyl segments of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). — J. Plant Physiol. 146: 658–664, 1995.
Syros, T., Yupsanis, T., Zafiriadis, H., Economou, A.: Activity and isoforms of peroxidases, lignin and anatomy, during adventitious rooting in cuttings of Ebenus cretica L. — J. Plant Physiol. 161: 69–77, 2004.
Van Steekelenburg, N.A.M.: Phytophthora root rot of sweet pepper. — Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 86: 259–264, 1980.
Wei, G.P., Yang, L.F., Zhu, Y.L., Chen, G.: Changes in oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and polyamine contents in leaves of grafted and non-grafted eggplant seedlings under stress by excess of calcium nitrate. — Sci. Hort. 120: 443–451, 2009.
Yin, L., Zou, Y., Ke, X., Liang, D., Du, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Q., Ma, F.: Phenolic responses of resistant and susceptible Malus plants induced by Diplocarpon mali. — Sci. Hort. 164: 17–23, 2013.
Yuan, Y.J., Li, C., Hu, Z.D., Wu, J.C.: Signal transduction pathway for oxidative burst and taxol production in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis var. Mairei induced by oligosaccharide from Fusarium oxysprum. — Enzyme Microbial Technol. 29: 372–379, 2001.
Zhao, S., Shi, G., Dong, X. (ed.): Plant Physiology Experiment Instruction. - Agricultural Science and Technology Publishing House, Beijing 2002.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Special Fund of Modern Agriculture Industrial Technology System of Shandong province in China (contract No. SDAIT-05-10).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Duan, X., Bi, H.G., Li, T. et al. Root characteristics of grafted peppers and their resistance to Fusarium solani . Biol Plant 61, 579–586 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-016-0677-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-016-0677-4