Abstract
Sulfoxaflor (SUL, [N-[methyloxido[1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl] ethyl]-λ4-sulfanylidene] cyanamide]) is a widely used systemic insecticide, and its residue has frequently been detected in the environment, posing a potential threat to the environment. In this study, Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans CGMCC 1.17248 rapidly converted SUL into X11719474 via a hydration pathway mediated by two nitrile hydratases (AnhA and AnhB). Extensive (96.4%) degradation of 0.83 mmol/L SUL was achieved by P. salicylatoxidans CGMCC 1.17248 resting cells within 30 min (half-life of SUL 6.4 min). Cell immobilization by entrapment into calcium alginate remediated 82.8% of the SUL in 90 min, and almost no SUL was observed in surface water after incubation for 3 h. P. salicylatoxidans NHases AnhA and AnhB both hydrolyzed SUL to X11719474, although AnhA exhibited much better catalytic performance. The genome sequence of P. salicylatoxidans CGMCC 1.17248 revealed that this strain could efficiently eliminate nitrile-containing insecticides and adapt to harsh environments. We firstly found that UV irradiation transforms SUL to the derivatives X11719474 and X11721061, and the potential reaction pathways were proposed. These results further deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of SUL degradation as well as the environmental fate of SUL.
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Acknowledgements
We thank James Allen, DPhil, from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group China, for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.
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This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31970094) and the Program for Jiangsu Excellent Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (17CXTD00014).
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Y-XZ and Y-JD contributed to the design and implementation of the research, to the analysis of the results and to the writing of the manuscript. K-XC prepared Figs.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and revised the manuscript. LW and P-PY prepared Tables 1 and Table 2. Y-JD provided the funding and directed the project. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Zhao, YX., Chen, KX., Wang, L. et al. Biodegradation of sulfoxaflor and photolysis of sulfoxaflor by ultraviolet radiation. Biodegradation 34, 341–355 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-023-10020-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-023-10020-x