Abstract
Non-native species cause several impacts on freshwater biodiversity, but studies focusing on the Neotropical stream’s biota are still incipient. We used a data set of 586 headwater stream’s fish assemblages from the Brazilian Upper Paraná ecoregion to test whether the presence/absence of non-native species affect: species richness (S), functional diversity (MPD) and taxonomic diversity (Δ+). We compared diversity patterns of fish assemblages formed only by native species against those of assemblages formed by native and non-native species (Scenario 1); then, we removed non-native species from their original assemblages and recalculated their diversity values to compare them with those of fish assemblages formed only by native species again (Scenario 2). We also investigated: (1) whether non-native’s fish assemblages are associated with land use, topographic and watercourse connectivity variables; (2) fish ecological traits-environment relationship. In Scenario 1, S was higher in assemblages with the presence of non-native species, while in Scenario 2, both S and MPD were higher in assemblages where non-native species were removed. Non-native species were not directly related to land use, topographic or connectivity variables and most of them had a similar response to the environment when compared with native species. Findings show that non-native fish species are related to high-rich assemblages in headwaters, and they increase species richness and the functional redundancy of assemblages, decreasing functional diversity. Moreover, in most cases, native and non-native species seem to respond similarly to the environmental influence on their occurrence.
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Data availability
All data used in the development of this study are available upon reasonable requests to corresponding author or FBT.
Code availability
Analyses were performed with R software (version 4.1.1) and all packages and codes are available in R software library. Scripts used to perform analyses are available upon requests from the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
We thank to the BioEcol lab team that contributed with field data collection; Maria Angélica Pérez Mayorga for her assistance in obtaining fish pictures; Carlos Filipe Camilo Cotrim and Thais Sampaio Silva for his help with ecomorphological measurements of species. We are also grateful for contributions given by the Editor and anonymous reviewers.
Funding
PPB was supported by a PhD scholarship provided by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—CAPES (proc. 23038.000452/2017-16). FRC was supported by CNPq (process # 420620/2018-4) and FUNDECT (“Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul”, process # 59/300.093/2017, SIAFEM 27248). LC is granted by CNPq (304403/2021-0). FBT was supported by CNPq (431094/2016-0 and 306912/2018-0). Data provided by FLTG was collected with the financial support of the FAPEG. Data provided by LC was collected with the financial support of the FAPESP (proc. 2001/13340-7). Data provided by MC was collected with the financial support of the FAPESP (proc. 2013/24737-2). Data provided by GLB was collected with the financial support of the FAPESP (proc. 2006/04878-7). The study also had the financial support of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq (proc. 431094/2016-0) and CNPq/MCT/CAPES/FAPEG (Programa de Pesquisa Ecológica de Longa Duração—PELD, sítio COFA (proc. 441278/2016-7).
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BRBS and RAC were responsible for the conception and design of the study, organization of data, statistical analyses, interpretation of data, and drafting the manuscript. FBT contributed with the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data and manuscript revision. TS contributed with statistical analyses and manuscript revision. PPB contributed with the acquisition of data and manuscript revision. LC, GB, FLTG, PSP, EB, FRC, MC, MSD, and YRS contributed with interpretation of data, and the revision of the final version of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version submitted for publication.
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Santos, B.R.B., Teresa, F.B., Borges, P.P. et al. Tropical headwater streams and the role of non-native species on fish assemblage’s diversity. Biol Invasions 25, 3103–3118 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03093-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03093-5